See also:

• CLEANTHES (c. 301-232 or 252 B.C.)

CLEANTHES (c. 301-232 or 252 B.C.)  , Stoic philosopher, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Assos in the See also:

• TROAD, CERAMICS, PLATE

Troad, was originally a boxer . With but four drachmae in his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession he came to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, where he listened first to the lectures of See also:

• CRATES

Crates the Cynic, and then to those of See also:

• ZENO

Zeno, the Stoic, supporting himself meanwhile by working all See also:

• NIGHT

night as See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• CARRIER
• CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1956-1794)

carrier to a gardener (hence his See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname d)peaveXns) . His See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of patient endurance, or perhaps his slowness, earned him the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " the See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

Ass "; but such was the esteem awakened by his high moral qualities that, on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Zeno in 263, he became the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the school . He continued, however, to support himself by the labour of his own hands . Among his pupils were his successor,' See also:

• CHRYSIPPUS (c. 280-2o6 B.c.)

Chrysippus, and Antigonus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Macedon, from whom he accepted 2000 minae . The manner of his death was characteristic . A dangerous See also:

• ULCER

ulcer had compelled him to fast for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Subsequently he continued his See also:

• ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence, saying that, as he was already See also:

• HALF

half-way on the road to death, he would not trouble to retrace his steps . See also:

• CLEANTHES (c. 301-232 or 252 B.C.)

Cleanthes produced very little that was See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, though hewrote some fifty See also:

• WORKS

works, of which fragments have come down to us . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal is the large portion of the Hymn to See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus which has been preserved in See also:

• STOBAEUS, JOANNES

Stobaeus . He regarded the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun as the See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of See also:

• GOD

God, the intelligent See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence, or (in accordance with Stoical See also:

• MATERIALISM (from Lat. materia, matter)

materialism) the vivifying See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire or See also:

• AETHER, or ETHER (Gr. deli p, probably from caeca, I burn, though Plato in his Cratylus (410 B)

aether of the universe . Virtue, he taught, is See also:

• LIFE

life according to nature; but See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure is not according to nature .

He originated a new theory as to the individual existence of the human soul; he held that the degree of its vitality after death depends upon the degree of its vitality in this life . The principal fragments of Cleanthes's works are contained in See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes Laertius and Stobaeus; some may be found in See also:

• CICERO

Cicero and See also:

• SENECA

Seneca . See G . C . Mohinke, Keeanthes der Stoiker (Greifswald, 1814) ; C . See also:

• WACHSMUTH, CHARLES (1829-1896)

Wachsmuth, Commentationes de Zenone Citiensi et Cleanthe Assio (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1874—1875) ; A . C . See also:

• PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894)
• PEARSON, JOHN (1612-1686)
• PEARSON, JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH (1817-1897)

Pearson, Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes (Camb., 1891); See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by E . Wellmann in See also:

• ERSCH, JOHANN SAMUEL (1766–1828)

Ersch and See also:

• GRUBER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1774-1851)

Gruber's Allgemeine Encyklopadie; R . Hirzel, Untersuchungen zu Ciceros philosophischen Schriften, ii . (1882), containing a vindication of the originality of Cleanthes; A . B .