See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)  , a collective See also:

• TERM

term signifying in See also:

• ENGLISH

English strictly the See also:

• BODY

body of " clerks," i.e. men in See also:

• HOLY

holy orders (see CLERK) . The word has, however, undergone sundry modifications of meaning . Its M.E. senses of " clerkship " and " learning " have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long since fallen obsolete . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in See also:

• MODERN

modern times there has been an increasing tendency to depart from its strict application to technical " clerks," and to widen it out so as to embrace all varieties of ordained See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian ministers . While, however, it is now not unusual to speak of " the See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

Nonconformist See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy," the word ." clergyman " is still, at least in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, used of the clergy of the Established See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church in contradistinction to "See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister." As applied to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church the word embraces the whole See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy, whether its clerici be in holy orders or merely in See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor orders . The term has also been sometimes loosely used to include the members of the See also:

• REGULAR

regular orders; but this use is improper, since monks and friars, as such, have at no See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time been clerici . The use of the word " clergy " as a plural, though the New English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary quotes the high authority of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1805-1897)
• NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-1890)

Newman for it, is less rare than wrong; in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case cited " Some See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred Clergy " should have been " Some hundred of the Clergy." In distinction to the " clergy " we find the " laity " (Gr . See also:

• LAOS

Laos, See also:

• PEOPLE

people), the See also:

• GREAT

great body of " faithful people " which, in nearly every various conception of the Christian Church, stands in relation to the clergy as a See also:

• FLOCK

flock of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep to its pastor . This distinction was of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early growth, and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, with the increasing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the hierarchy, during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages into a very lively opposition (see See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

ORDER, HoLY; CHURCH See also:

• HISTORY

HISTORY; PAPACY; INVESTITURES) . The extreme claim of the great See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval popes, that the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, as " ruler over spiritual things," was as much See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to temporal rulers as the soul is to the body (see See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

INNOCENT III.), led logically to the vast privileges and immunities enjoyed by the clergy during the middle ages . In those countries where the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation triumphed, this See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph represented the victory of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil over the clerical See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in the long contest . The victory was, however, by no means See also:

• COMPLETE

complete .

The Presbyterian See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model was, for instance, as sacerdotal in its essence as the Catholic; See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton complained with See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice that " new See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter is but old priest See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ large," and declared that " the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

Title of Clergy St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter gave to all See also:

• GOD

God's people," its later restriction being a papal and prelatical usurpation (i.e . 1 Peter v . 3, for,cXi3pos and KXi pcvv) . Clerical immunities, of course, differed largely at different times and in different countries, the extent of them having been gradually curtailed from a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period a little earlier than the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the middle ages . They consisted mainly in exemption from public burdens, both as regarded See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person and See also:

• POCKET

pocket, and in See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . This last enormous See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege, which became one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main and most efficient See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments of the subjection of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to clerical tyranny, extended to matters both civil and criminal; though, as See also:

• BINGHAM, JOSEPH (1668-1723)

Bingham shows, it did not (always and everywhere) prevail in cases of heinous See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime (Origines See also:

• ECCLES

Eccles. bk. v.) . This diversity of jurisdiction, and subjection of the clergy only to the sentences of See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges bribed by their esprit de See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge leniently, led to the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of punishments for the offences of clerks avowedly much lighter than that which was inflicted for the same crimes on laymen; and this in turn led to the survival in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, long after the Reformation, of the curious legal fiction of benefit of clergy (see below), used to mitigate the extreme harshness of the criminal See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law .