CLICHY  , or CLIC11Y-LA-GARENNE, a

town of northern France, in the department of Seine, on the right bank of the Seine, immediately north of the fortifications of Paris, of which it is a manufacturing suburb . Pop . (1906) 41,516 . Its church was built in the 17th century under the direction of St Vincent de Paul, who had previously been cure of Clichy . Its industries include the manufacture of starch, rubber, oil and grease, glass, chemicals, soap, &c . Clichy, under the name of Clippiacum, was a residence of the Merovingian kings . CLIFF-DWELLINGS, the general archaeological term for the habitations of primitive peoples, formed by utilizing niches or caves in high cliffs, with more or less excavation or with additions in the way of masonry . Two special sorts of cliff-dwelling are distinguished by archaeologists, (r) the cliff-house, which is actually built on levels in the cliff, and (2) the 'cavate house, which is dug out, by using natural recesses or openings . A great deal of attention has been given to the North American cliff-dwellings, particularly among the canyons of the south-west, in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado, some of which are still used by Indians . There has been considerable discussion as to their antiquity, but modern research finds no definite justification for assigning them to a distinct primitive race, or farther back than the ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians . The area in which they occur coincides with that in which other traces of the Pueblo tribes have been found . The niches which were utilized are often of considerable size, occurring in cliffs of a thousand feet high, and approached by rock steps or log-ladders .

See the

article, with illustrations and bibliography, in the Hand-book of American Indians (Washington, 1907) .