See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM KINGDON See also:

• CLIFFORD
• CLIFFORD, JOHN (1836- )
• WILLIAM KINGDON CLIFFORD (1845-1879)

CLIFFORD (1845-1879)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English mathematician and philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 4th of May 1845 at See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was a prominent See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen . He was educated at a private school in his native See also:

• TOWN

town, at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• LONDON

London, and at Trinity College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, where he was elected See also:

• FELLOW

fellow in 1868, after being second wrangler in 1867 and second See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's prizeman . In 1871 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics at University College, London, and in 1874 became fellow of the Royal Society . In 1875 he married See also:

• LUCY, RICHARD DE (d. 1179)

Lucy, daughter of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane of See also:

• BARBADOS, or BARBADOES

Barbados . In 1876 See also:

• CLIFFORD
• CLIFFORD, JOHN (1836- )
• CLIFFORD, WILLIAM KINGDON (1845-1879)

Clifford, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of high-strung and athletic, but not robust, physique, began to fall into See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health, and after two voyages to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South, died during the third of pulmonary See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption at See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira, on the 3rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1879, leaving his widow with two daughters . Mrs W . K . Clifford soon earned for herself a prominent See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in English See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• LIFE

life as a novelist, and later as a dramatist . Her best-known See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, Mrs See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith's See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

Crime (1885), was followed by several other volumes, the best of which is Aunt See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne (1893) ; and the literary See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent in the See also:

• FAMILY

family was inherited by her daughter Ethel (Mrs See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher See also:

• DILKE, SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH

Dilke), a writer of some charming See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . Owing to his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• DEATH

death, Professor Clifford's abilities and achievements cannot be fairly judged without reference to the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion formed of him by his contemporaries . He impressed every one as a man of extraordinary acuteness and originality; and these solid gifts were set off to the highest See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage by quickness of thought and speech, a lucid See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, wit and poetic See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy, and a social warmth which made him delightful as a friend and See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion . His See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers as a mathematician were of the highest See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order .

It harmonizes with the See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete visualizing turn of his mind that, to quote Professor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Smith, "Clifford was above all and before all a geometer." In this he was an innovator against the excessively See also:

• ANALYTIC (the adjective of " analysis," q.v.)

analytic tendency of Cambridge mathematicians . In his theory of graphs, or geometrical representations of algebraic functions, there are valuable suggestions which have been worked out by others . He was much interested, too, in universal See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra, non-Euclidean See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry and elliptic functions, his papers " Preliminary See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of Bi-See also:

• QUATERNIONS

quaternions " (1873) and " On the Canonical See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

Form and See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

Dissection of a See also:

• RIEMANN, GEORG FRIEDRICH BERNHARD (1826–1866)

Riemann's See also:

• SURFACE

Surface " (1877) ranking as See also:

• CLASSICS

classics . Another important paperis his " See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

Classification of Loci " (1878) . He also published several papers on algebraic forms and projective geometry . As a philosopher Clifford's name is chiefly associated with two phrases of his coining, " mind-stuff " and the " tribal self." The former symbolizes his metaphysical conception, which was suggested to him by his See also:

• READING

reading of See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza . " Briefly put," says See also:

• SIR

Sir F . See also:

• POLLOCK

Pollock, " the conception is that mind is the one ultimate reality; not mind as we know it in the complex forms of conscious feeling and thought, but the simpler elements out of which thought and feeling are built up . The hypothetical ultimate See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of mind, or See also:

• ATOM (Gr. &rows, indivisible, from a- privative, and TE,aPfw, to cut)

atom of mind-stuff, precisely corresponds to the hypothetical atom of See also:

• MATTER

matter, being the ultimate fact of which the material atom is the phenomenon . Matter and the sensible universe are the relations between particular organisms, that is, mind organized into consciousness, and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• WORLD

world . This leads to results which would in a loose and popular sense be called materialist . But the theory must, as a metaphysical theory, be reckoned on the idealist See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side .

To speak technically, it is an idealist See also:

• MONISM (from Gr. µ6vos, alone)

monism." The other phrase, " tribal self," gives the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to Clifford's ethical view, which explains See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience and the moral See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law by the development in each individual of a " self," which prescribes the conduct conducive to the welfare of the " tribe." Much of Clifford's contemporary prominence was due to his attitude towards See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . Animated by an intense love of truth and devotion to public See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, he waged See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war on such ecclesiastical systems as seemed to him to favour obscurantism, and to put the claims of See also:

• SECT

sect above those of human society . The alarm was greater, as See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology was still unreconciled with the Darwinian theory; and Clifford was regarded as a dangerous See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-spiritual tendencies then imputed to See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . His See also:

• WORKS

works, published wholly or in See also:

• PART

part since his death, are Elements of Dynamic (1879–1887); Seeing and Thinking, popular science lectures 1879) ; Lectures and Essays, with an introduction by Sir F . Pollock 1879) ; Mathematical Papers, edited by R . See also:

• TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774)
• TUCKER, JOSIAH (1712-1799)

Tucker, with an introduction by Henry J . S . Smith (1882) ; and The See also:

• COMMON

Common Sense of the Exact Sciences, completed by Professor Karl See also:

• PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894)
• PEARSON, JOHN (1612-1686)
• PEARSON, JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH (1817-1897)

Pearson (1885) .