DE WITT See also:

• CLINTON
• DE WITT CLINTON (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

CLINTON (1769-1828)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 2nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1769 at Little See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• CLINTON
• CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

Clinton (1736-1812), served as a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of provincial troops in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, and as a brigadier-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in the American See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, taking See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery's attack upon See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec in 1775, unsuccessfully resisting at Fort Montgomery, along the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson, in 1777 the advance of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Clinton, accompanying General See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SULLIVAN, JOHN (1740–1795)
• SULLIVAN, SIR ARTHUR SEYMOUR (1842—1900)
• SULLIVAN, THOMAS BARRY (1824-1891)

Sullivan in 1779 in his expedition against the See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois in western New York, and in 1781 taking part in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• YORKTOWN

Yorktown, See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia . De Witt Clinton graduated at See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College in 1786, and in 1790 was admitted to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . From 1790 to 1795 he was the private secretary of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Clinton, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of New York and a leader of the Republican party . He was a member of the New York See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly from See also:

• JANUARY

January to See also:

• APRIL

April 1798, and in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August of that See also:

• YEAR

year entered the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, serving until April 1802 . He at once became a dominant See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in New York politics, and for the next See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century he played a leading role in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• COMMON

common-See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . From 1801 to 1802 and from 18o6 to 1807 he was a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

Appointment, and realizing the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power this See also:

• BODY

body possessed through its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the selection of a vast number of state, county and municipal See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, he secured in 18o,, while his uncle was governor, the removal of a number of Federalist See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office-holders, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to strengthen the Republican organization by new appointments . On this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account Clinton has generally been regarded as the originator of the " spoils See also:

• SYSTEM

system " in New York; but he was really opposed to the wholesale proscription of opponents that became such a feature of American politics in later years . It was his See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan to fill the more important offices with Republicans, as they had been excluded from appointive office during the Federalist ascendancy, and to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the smaller places between the parties somewhat in accordance with their relative strength?' In counties where the Federalists had a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority very few removals were made . In 1802 Clinton became a member of the See also:

• UNITED

United States Senate, but resigned in the following year to become See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of New York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, an office he held from 1803 to 1807, from 18o8 to 181o, and from 1811 to 1815 . During his mayoralty he also held other offices, being a member of the state senate from 18o6 to 1811 and See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor from 1811 to 1813 . In 1812, after a congressional See also:

• CAUCUS

caucus at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington had nominated See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison for a second See also:

• TERM

term, the Republicans of New York, desiring to break up the so-called Virginia See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty as well as the system of congressional nominations, nominated Clinton for the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency by a legislative caucus .

Opponents of a second war with See also:

• GREAT

Great Britain had revived the Federalist organization, and Federalists from eleven states met in New York and agreed to support Clinton, not on account of his war views, which were not in See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord with their own, but as a protest against the policy of Madison . In the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election Clinton received 89 electoral votes and Madison 128 . As a member of the legislature Clinton was active in securing 1 In 18o1 a state See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention adopted an See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment to the constitution giving the council an equal See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice with the governor in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of appointments; but Clinton, who is often represented as the father of this See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, though chosen as a member of the convention, did not attend its meetings.the abolition of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery and of imprisonment for See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and in perfecting a system of See also:

• FREE

free public See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . In 1810 he was a member of a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to explore a route for a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal between See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie and the Hudson See also:

• RIVER

river, and in 1811 he and Gouverneur 11 See also:

• IRIS

iris were sent to Washington to secure Federal aid for the .mdertaking, but were unsuccessful . The second war with Great Britain prevented any immediate See also:

• ACTION

action by the state, but in 1816 Clinton was active in reviving the project, and a new commission was appointed, of which he became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president . His connexion with this See also:

• WORK

work so enhanced his popularity that he was chosen governor by an overwhelming majority and served for two triennial terms (1817-1823) . As governor he devoted his energies to the construction of the canal, but the opposition to his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, led by See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• VAN

Van Buren and Tammany See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, became so formidable by 1822 that he declined to seek a third term . His successful opponents, however, overreached themselves when in 1824 they removed him from the office of canal See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner . This See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan action aroused such indignation that at the next election he was again chosen governor, by a large majority, and s,erved from 1825 until his See also:

• DEATH

death . As governor he took part in the formal ceremony of admitting the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of Lake Erie into the canal in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1825, and thus witnessed the completion of a work which owed more to him than to any other See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Clinton died at See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany, N.Y., on the lrthof See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1828 . In addition to his See also:

• INTEREST

interest in politics and public improvements, he devoted much study to the natural sciences; among his published See also:

• WORKS

works are a Memoir on the Antiquities of Western New York (1818), and Letters on the Natural History and See also:

• INTERNAL

Internal Resources of New York (1822) .

See J . See also:

• RENWICK, JAMES (1662–1688)

Renwick's See also:

• LIFE

Life of De Witt Clinton (New York, 1845) ; D . Hosack's Memoir of De Witt Clinton (New York, 1829) W . W . See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell's Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton (New York, 1849) ; and H . L . McBain's De Will Clinton and the Origin of the Spoils System in New York (New York, 1907) .