See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• CLIVE, CAROLINE (1801-1873)
• CLIVE, CATHERINE [KITTY] (1711-1785)
• BARON ROBERT CLIVE CLIVE (1725-1774)

CLIVE CLIVE (1725-1774)  , the statesman and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general who founded the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 29th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1725 at Styche, the See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Moreton Say, See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market See also:

• DRAYTON, MICHAEL (1563-1631)

Drayton, See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire . We learn from himself, in his second speech in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons in 1773, that as the estate yielded only £500 a See also:

• YEAR

year, his See also:

• FATHER

father followed the profession of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law also . The Clives, or Clyves, were one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest families in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Shropshire, having held the See also:

• MANOR

manor of that name in the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II . One See also:

• CLIVE, CAROLINE (1801-1873)
• CLIVE, CATHERINE [KITTY] (1711-1785)
• CLIVE, ROBERT CLIVE, BARON (1725-1774)

Clive was Irish See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer under Henry VIII.; another was a member of the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament; See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert's father for many years represented See also:

• MONTGOMERYSHIRE (Welsh Swydd Tre' Faldwyn, Baldwyn's town shire)

Montgomeryshire in parliament . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother, to whom he was tenderly attached, and who had a powerful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on his career, was a daughter, and with her See also:

• SISTER

sister See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• SEMPILL
• SEMPILL (OR SEMPLE), SIR JAMES, ROBERT AND FRANCIS
• SEMPILL, ROBERT [the elder] (c. 1530-1595)

Sempill co-See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, of Nathaniel See also:

• GASKELL, ELIZABETH CLEGHORN (1810-1865)

Gaskell of See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . Robert was their eldest son . With his five sisters, all of whom were married in due See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, he ever maintained the most affectionate relations . His only brcther survived to 1825 . See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young Clive was the despair of his teachers . Sent from school to school, and for only a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time at the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant Taylors' school, which then as now had a high reputation, he neglected his books for perilous adventures . But he was not so ignorant as his biographers represent . He could read See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace in after See also:

• LIFE

life ; and he must have laid in his youth the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of that clear and vigorous See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style which marked all his despatches, and made See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham declare of one of his speeches in the House of Commons that it was the most eloquent he had ever heard .

From his earliest years, however, his ambition was to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead his See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows; but he never sacrificed See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, as the word was then understood, even to the fear of See also:

• DEATH

death . At eighteen he was sent out to See also:

• MADRAS

Madras as a " See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor " or " writer " in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil service of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company . The detention of the See also:

• SHIP

ship in See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil for nine months enabled him to acquire the Portuguese See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, which, at a time when few or none of the Company's servants learned the vernaculars of India, he often found of use . For the first two years of his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence he was miserable . He See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt keenly the separatiorfrom See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home; he was always breaking through the restraints Imposed on young " writers "; and he was rarely out of trouble with his fellows, with one of whom he fought a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel . Thus See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early, too, the effect of the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate on his See also:

• HEALTH

health began to show itself in those fits of depression during one of which he afterwards prematurely ended his life . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is told of him by his companions, though he himself never spoke of it, that he twice snapped a See also:

• PISTOL

pistol at his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head in vain . His one solace was found in the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor's library, where he sought to make up for past carelessness by a systematic course of study . He was just of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, when in 1746 Madras was forced to capitulate to Labourdonnais during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession . The See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of that See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation by See also:

• DUPLEIX, JOSEPH FRANCOIS (1697-1763)

Dupleix, then at the head of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French settlements in India, led Clive, with others, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the See also:

• TOWN

town to the subordinate Fort St See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, some 20 M. to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . There, disgusted with the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs and the purely com-See also:

• MENIAL

menial duties of an East See also:

• INDIAN

Indian civilian, as they then were, Clive obtained an See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign's See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . At this time India was ready to become the See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of the first conqueror who to the dash of the soldier added the skill of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator .

For the See also:

• FORTY

forty years since the death of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

Aurangzeb, the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or subadhars . The three greatest of these were the See also:

• NAWAB

nawab of the See also:

• DECCAN (Sans. Dakshina, " the South ")

Deccan, or south and central India, who ruled from See also:

• HYDERABAD, HAIDARABAD
• HYDERABAD, or HAIDARABAD

Hyderabad, the nawab of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal, whose See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital was See also:

• MURSHIDABAD, or MOORSHEEDABAD

Murshidabad, and the nawab or See also:

• WAZIR, or VIZIER (Arabic wazir)

wazir of Oudh . The prize See also:

• LAY

lay between Dupleix, who had the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of an administrator, or rather intriguer, but was no soldier, and Clive, the first of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century's brilliant succession of those " soldier-politicals," as they are called in the East, to whom Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain owes the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest and consolidation of its greatest dependency . Clive successively established British ascendancy against French influence in the three great provinces under these nawabs . But his merit lies especially in the ability and foresight with which he secured for his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and for the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good of the natives, the richest of the three, Bengal . First, as to Madras and the Deccan, Clive had hardly been able to commend himself to See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major Stringer See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence,the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the British troops, by his courage and skill in several small engagements, when the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) forced him to return to his civil duties for a short time . An attack of the malady which so severely affected his See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits led him to visit Bengal, where he was soon to distinguish himself . On his return he found a contest going on between two sets of See also:

• RIVAL

rival claimants for the position of See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of the Deccan, and for that of nawab of the Carnatic, the greatest of the subordinate states under the Deccan . Dupleix, who took the See also:

• PART

part of the pretenders to power in both places, was carrying all before him . The British had been weakened by the withdrawal of a large force under See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• BOSCAWEN, EDWARD (1711-1761)

Boscawen, and by the return home, on leave, of Major Lawrence . But that officer had appointed Clive See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary for the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of the troops with provisions, with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain . More than one disaster had taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on a small See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, when Clive See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for dividing the enemy's forces, and offered to carry it out himself .

The pretender, See also:

• CHANDA

Chanda See also:

• SAHIB

Sahib, had been made nawab of the Carnatic with Dupleix's assistance, while the British had taken up the cause of the more legitimate successor, Mahommed See also:

• ALI

Ali . Chanda Sahib had See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• ARCOT

Arcot, the capital of the Carnatic, to reduce See also:

• TRICHINOPOLY

Trichinopoly, then held by a weak English See also:

• BATTALION

battalion . Clive offered to attack Arcot in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to force Chanda Sahib to raise the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Trichinopoly . But Madras and Fort St David could supply him with only zoo Europeans and 300 sepoys . Of the eight See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who led them, four were civilians like Clive himself, and six had never been in See also:

• ACTION

action . His force had but three See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-pieces . The circumstances that Clive, at the head of this handful, had been seen marching during a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of See also:

• THUNDER

thunder and See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning, frightened the enemy into evacuating the fort, which the British at once began to strengthen against a siege . Clive treated the great See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city with so much See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration that they helped him, not only to fortify his position, but to make successful sallies against the enemy . As the days passed on, Chanda Sahib sent a large See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army under his son and his French supporters, who entered Arcot and closely besieged Clive in the citadel . See also:

• MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, BARON (1800-1859)

Macaulay gives the following brilliant See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the siege:—" See also:

• RAJA

Raja Sahib proceeded to invest the fort, which seemed quite incapable of sustaining a siege . The walls were ruinous, the ditches dry, the ramparts too narrow to admit the guns, and the battlements too See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low to protect the soldiers . The little See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison had been greatly reduced by casualties .

It now consisted of 12o Europeans and 20o sepoys . Only four officers were left, the stock of provisions was scanty, and the commander who had to conduct the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence under circumstances so discouraging was a young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of five and twenty, who had been bred as a See also:

• BOOK

book-keeper . During fifty days the siege went on, and the young captain maintained the defence with a firmness, vigilance and ability which would have done honour to the oldest See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The breach, however, increased See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by day . Under such circumstances, any troops so scantily provided with officers might have been expected to show signs of insubordination; and the danger was peculiarlygreat in a force composed of men differing widely from each other in extraction, See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, language, See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . But the devotion of the little See also:

• BAND

band to its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief surpassed anything that is related of the Tenth See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, or the Old Guard of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . The sepoys came to Clive, not to complain of their scanty fare, but to propose that all the See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain should be given to the Europeans, who required more nourishment than the natives of See also:

• ASIA

Asia . The thin gruel, they said, which was strained away from the See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice would suffice for themselves . See also:

• HISTORY

History contains no more touching instance of military fidelity, or of the influence of a commanding mind . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made by the governor of Madras to relieve the place had failed; but there was See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope from another See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter . A See also:

• BODY

body of 3000 See also:

• MAHRATTAS

Mahrattas, See also:

• HALF

half soldiers, half robbers, under the command of a chief named Murari See also:

• RAO, SIR DINKAR (1819–1896)
• RAO, SIR T

Rao had been hired to assist Mahommed Ali; but thinking the French power irresistible, and the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of Chanda Sahib certain, they had hitherto remained inactive on the frontiers of the Carnatic . The fame of the defence of Arcot roused them from their torpor; Murari Rao declared that he had never before believed that Englishmen could fight, but that he would willingly help them since he saw that they had spirit to help themselves .

Raja Sahib learned that the Mahrattas were in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, and it was necessary for him to be expeditious . He first tried negotiations—he offered large bribes to Clive, which were rejected with scorn; he vowed that if his proposals were not accepted, he would instantly storm the fort, and put every man in it to the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . Clive told him, in reply, with characteristic haughtiness, that his father was a usurper, that his army was a See also:

• RABBLE

rabble, and that he would do well to think twice before he sent such poltroons into a breach defended by English soldiers . Raja Sahib determined to storm the fort . The day was well suited to a bold military enter-prise . It was the great See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan festival, the Muharram, which is sacred to the memory of Husain, the son of Ali . Clive had received See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret intelligence of the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, had made his arrangements, and, exhausted by fatigue, had thrown himself on his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . He was awakened by the alarm, and was instantly at his See also:

• POST

post . The enemy advanced, See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving before them elephants whose foreheads were armed with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron plates . It was expected that the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates would yield to the See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock of these living battering-rams . But the huge beasts no sooner felt the English See also:

• MUSKET (Fr. mousquet, Ger. Muskete, &c.)

musket balls than they turned See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round and rushed furiously away, trampling on the multitude which had urged them forward . A raft was launched on the See also:

• WATER

water which filled one part of the ditch .

Clive perceiving that his gunners at that post did not understand their business, took the management of a piece of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery himself, and cleared the raft in a few minutes . Where the See also:

• MOAT

moat was dry, the assailants mounted with great boldness; but they were received with a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire so heavy and so well directed, that it soon quelled the courage even of fanaticism and of See also:

• INTOXICATION (Lat. toxicare, intoxicare, to smear with poison, toxicum, an adaptation of Gr. 'r(*uK v, sc. ¢apµasov, a poison smeared on arrows; roEov, bow)

intoxication . The See also:

• REAR

rear ranks of the English kept the front ranks supplied with a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant succession of loaded muskets, and very shot told on the living See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass below . The struggle lasted about an See also:

• HOUR

hour; 400 of the assailants See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell; the garrison lost only five or six men . The besieged passed an anxious See also:

• NIGHT

night, looking for a renewal of the attack . But when day See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke, the enemy were no more to be seen . They had retired, leaving to the English several guns and a large quantity of See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition." In India, we might say in all history, there is no parallel to this exploit of 1751 till we come to the siege of See also:

• LUCKNOW

Lucknow in 1857 . Clive, now reinforced, followed up his See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, and Major Lawrence returned in time to carry the war to a successful issue . In 1954 the first of the Carnatic See also:

• TREATIES

treaties was made provisionally, between T . Saunders, the Company's See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at Madras, and M . Godeheu, the French commander, in which the English protege, Mahommed All, was virtually recognized as nawab, and both nations agreed to equalize their possessions . When war again broke out in 1756, and the French, during Clive's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence in Bengal, obtained successes in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern districts, his efforts helped to drive them from their settlements .

The Treaty of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1763 formally confirmed Mahommed Ali in the position which Clive had won for him . Two years after, the Madras See also:

• WORK

work of Clive was completed by a See also:

• FIRMAN (an adaptation of the Per. ferman, a mandate or patent, cognate with the Sanskrit pramdna, a measure, authority)

firman from the emperor of See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi, recognizing the British possessions in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern India . The siege of Arcot at once gave Clive a See also:

• EUROPEAN

European reputation . See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt pronounced the youth of twenty-seven who had done such deeds a " See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven-born general," thus endorsing the generous appreciation of his early commander, Major Lawrence . When the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors voted him a sword See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth £700, he refused to receive it unless Lawrence was similarly honoured . He left Madras for home, after ten years' absence, early in 1953, but not before marrying See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• MASKELYNE, NEVIL (1732-1811)

Maskelyne, the sister of a friend, and of one who was afterwards well known as astronomer royal . All his See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence proves him to have been a good See also:

• HUSBAND

husband and father, at a time when society was far from pure, and See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal made havoc of the highest reputations . In after days, when Clive's uprightness and stern reform of the Company'scivil and military services made him many enemies, a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of him appeared under the assumed name of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Carracioli, Gent . All the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is against the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of its scandalous stories being true . Clive as a young man occasionally indulged in loose or See also:

• FREE

free talk among intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, but beyond this nothing has been proved to his detriment . After he had been two years at home the state of affairs in India made the directors anxious for his return . He was sent out, in 1756, as governor of Fort St David, with the reversion of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Madras, and he received the commission of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's army .

He took Bombay on his way, and there commanded the See also:

• LAND

land force which captured Gheria, the stronghold of the Mahratta pirate, Angria . In the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of prize See also:

• MONEY

money which followed this expedition he showed no little self-denial . He took his seat as governor of Fort St David on the day on which the nawab of Bengal captured See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta, and thither the Madras government at once sent him, with admiral See also:

• WATSON, RICHARD (1737-1816)
• WATSON, THOMAS (c. 1557–1592)
• WATSON, WILLIAM (1858- )
• WATSON, WILLIAM (c. 1559-1603)

Watson . He entered on the second See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his career . Since, in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 169o, See also:

• JOB

Job See also:

• CHARNOCK (or CHERNOCK), ROBERT (c.1663–1696)
• CHARNOCK, JOB (d. 1693)

Charnock had landed at the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Sutanati with a guard of one officer and 30 men, the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant capital of Calcutta had become a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich centre of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The successive nawabs or viceroys of Bengal had been friendly to it, till, in 1756, Suraj-ud-Dowlah succeeded his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle at Murshidabad . His predecessor's See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister had fled to Calcutta to escape the See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion of the new nawab, and the English governor refused to deliver up the refugee . Enraged at this, Suraj-ud-Dowlah captured the old fort of Calcutta on the 20th of See also:

• JUNE

June and plundered it of more than two millions See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . Many of the English fled to See also:

• SHIPS

ships and dropped down the See also:

• RIVER

river . The 146 who remained were forced into " the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Hole " in the stifling See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the sultriest period of the year . Only 23 came out alive . The See also:

• FLEET

fleet was as strong, for those days, as the land force was weak .

Disembarking his troops some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles below the city, Clive marched through the jungles, where he lost his way owing to the treachery of his guides, but soon invested Fort See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, while the fire of the ships reduced it, on the 2nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1757 . On the 4th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February he defeated the whole army of the nawab, which had taken up a strong position just beyond what is now the most northerly suburb of Calcutta . The nawab hastened to conclude a treaty, under which favourable terms were See also:

• CON

con-ceded to the Company's trade, the factories and plundered See also:

• PROPERTY

property were restored, and an English See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint was established . In the accompanying agreement, offensive and defensive, Clive appears under the name by which he was always known to the natives of India, Sabut See also:

• JUNG, JOHANN HEINRICH (1740-1817)

Jung, or " the daring in war." The See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of Arcot had, at Angria's stronghold, and now again under the walls of Calcutta, established his reputation as the first captain of the time . With 600 British soldiers, 800 sepoys, 7 field-pieces and 500 sailors to draw them, he had routed a force of 34,000 men with 40 pieces of heavy See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon, 50 elephants, and a See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp that extended upwards of four miles in length . His own account, in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, gives a modest but vivid description of the See also:

• BATTLE

battle, the importance of which has been overshadowed by See also:

• PLASSEY (Palasi)

Plassey . In spite of his See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double defeat and the treaty which followed it, the madness of the nawab burst forth again . As See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France were once more at war, Clive sent the fleet up the river against See also:

• CHANDERNAGORE

Chandernagore, while he besieged it by land . After consenting to the siege, the nawab sought to assist the French, but in vain . The See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in India, next to See also:

• PONDICHERRY

Pondicherry, which had fallen in the previous war, gave the combined forces prize to the value of £130,000 . The See also:

• RULE

rule of Suraj-ud-Dowlah became as intolerable to his own See also:

• PEOPLE

people as to the British . They formed a confederacy to depose him, at the head of which was Jafar Ali See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, his commander-in-chief .

Associating with himself Admiral Watson, Governor See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake and Mr See also:

• WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864)
• WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK (1817-1904)
• WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748)

Watts, Clive made a treaty in which it was agreed to give the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of viceroy of Bengal, See also:

• BEHAR, or BIHAR

Behar and See also:

• ORISSA

Orissa to Jafar, who -was to pay a million sterling to the Company for its losses in Calcutta and the cost of its troops, half a million to the British inhabitants of Calcutta, £200;000 to the native inhabitants, and £70,000 to its Armenian merchants . Up to this point all is clear . Suraj-ud-Dowlah was hopeless as a ruler . His relations alike to his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, the merely titular emperor of Delhi, and to the people left the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province open to the strongest . After "the Black Hole," the battle of Calcutta, and the treachery at Chandernagore in spite of the treaty which followed that battle, the East India Company could treat the nawab only as an enemy . Clive, it is true, might have disregarded all native intrigue, marched on Murshidabad, and at once held the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges in the Company's name . But the time was not ripe for this, and the consequences, with so small a force, might have been fatal . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of acting directly as rulers, or See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save under native charters and names, was not See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by events for half a century . The See also:

• POLITICAL

political morality of the time in Europe, as well as the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative weakness of the Company in India, led Clive not only to meet the dishonesty of his native See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate by equal dishonesty, but to justify his conduct by the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration, years after, in parliament, that he would do the same again . It became necessary to employ the richest See also:

• BENGALI

Bengali trader, See also:

• OMICHUND (d. 1767)

Omichund, as an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent between Jafar Ali and the British officials . Master of the secret of the confederacy against Surajud-Dowlah, the Bengali threatened to betray it unless he was guaranteed, in the treaty itself, £300,000 . To dupe the villain, who was really paid by both sides, a second, or fictitious treaty, was shown him with a clause to this effect .

This Admiral Watson refused to sign; " but," Clive deponed to the House of Commons, " to the best of his remembrance, he gave the See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman who carried it leave to sign his name upon it; his lordship never made any secret of it; he thinks it warrantable in such a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, and would do it again a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred times; he had no interested See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive in doing it, and did it with a design of disappointing the expectations of a rapacious man." Such is Clive's own defence of the one See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act which, in a long career of abounding temptations, was of questionable honesty . The whole hot See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of 1757 was spent in these negotiations, till the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of June, when Clive began his See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march from Chandernagore, the British in boats, and the sepoys along the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• HUGLI, or HOOGHLY

Hugli . That river above Calcutta is, during the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season, fed by the overflow of the Ganges to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north through three streams, which in the hot months are nearly dry . On the left bank of the Bhagirathi, the most See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly of these, See also:

• IOO

ioo m. above Chandernagore, stands Murshidabad, the capital of the Mogul viceroys of Bengal, and then so vast that Clive compared it to the See also:

• LONDON

London of his day . Some miles farther down is the field of Plassey, then an extensive See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove of See also:

• MANGO

mango trees, of which enough yet remains, in spite of the changing course of the stream, to enable the visitor to realize the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene . On the 2rst of June Clive arrived on the bank opposite Plassey, in the midst of that outburst of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain which ushers in the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon of India . His whole army amounted to rroo Europeans and 2x00 native troops, with 9 field-pieces . The nawab had See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up x8,000 See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, 50,000 See also:

• FOOT

foot and 53 pieces of heavy See also:

• ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ordnance, served by French artillerymen . For once in his career Clive hesitated, and called a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of sixteen officers to decide, as he put it, " whether in our See also:

• PRESENT

present situation, without assistance, and on our own bottom, it would be prudent to attack the nawab, or whether we should wait till joined by some country power ? " Clive himself headed the nine who voted for delay; Major (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir) See also:

• EYRE, EDWARD JOHN (1815-1901)
• EYRE, SIR JAMES (1734-1799)

Eyre See also:

• COOTE, SIR EYRE (1726-1783)

Coote led the seven who counselled immediate attack . But, either because his daring asserted itself, or because, also, of a letter that he received from Jafar All, as has been said, Clive was the first to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change his mind and to communicate with Major Eyre Coote . One tradition, followed by Macaulay, represents him as spending an hour in thought under the shade of some trees, while he resolved the issues of what was to prove one of the decisive battles of the See also:

• WORLD

world .

Another, turned into See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse by Sir See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred See also:

• LYALL
• LYALL, EDNA

Lyall, pictures his See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution as the result of a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream . However that may be, he did well as a soldier to See also:

• TRUST

trust to the dash and even rashness that had gained Arcot and triumphed at Calcutta, and as a statesman, since See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, or even delay, would have put back the See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of India for years . When, after the heavy rain, the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose brightly on the 32nd, the 3200 men and the 9 guns crossed the river and took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the grove and its tanks of water, while Clive established his head-quarters in a See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

lodge . On the 23rd the engagement took place and lasted the whole day . Except the 40 Frenchmen and the guns which they worked, the enemy did little to reply to the British cannonade which, with the 39th See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

Regiment, scattered the See also:

• HOST

host, inflicting on it a loss of goo men . Clive restrained the ardour of Major See also:

• KILPATRICK, NEW, or EAST
• KILPATRICK, OLD

Kilpatrick, for he trusted to Jafar Ali's See also:

• ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence, if not See also:

• DESERTION

desertion to his ranks, and knew the importance of sparing his own small force . He lost hardly a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white soldier; in all 22 sepoys were killed and 50 wounded . His own account, written a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month after the battle to the secret See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the court of directors, is not less unaffected than that in which he had announced the defeat of the nawab at Calcutta . Suraj-ud-Dowlah fled from the field on a See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel, secured what See also:

• WEALTH

wealth he could, and came to an untimely end . Clive entered Murshidabad, and established Jafar Ali in the position which his descendants have ever since enjoyed, as pensioners, but have not infrequently abused . When taken through the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, amid a million and a half sterling's worth of rupees, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• PLATE

plate, jewels and rich goods, and besought to ask what he would, Clive was content with £r60,000, while half a million was distributed among the army and See also:

• NAVY

navy, both in addition to gifts of £24,000 to each member of the Company's committee, and besides the public See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation stipulated for in the treaty . It was to this occasion that he referred in his defence before the House of Commons, when he declared that he marvelled at his moderation .

He sought rather to increase the shares of the fleet and the troops at his own expense, as he had done at Gheria, and did more than once afterwards, with prize of war . What he did take from the grateful nawab for himself was less than the circumstances justified from an See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental point of view, was far less than was pressed upon him, not only by Jafar Ali, but by the hundreds of native nobles whose gifts Clive steadily refused, and was openly acknowledged from the first . He followed a usage fully recognized by the Company, although the fruitful source of future evils which he himself was again sent out to correct . The Company itself acquired a See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of £roo,000 a year, and a contribution towards its losses and military See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of a million and a half sterling . Such was Jafar Ali's gratitude to Clive that he after-wards presented him with the quit-See also:

• RENT

rent of the Company's lands in and around Calcutta, amounting to an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of £27,000 for life, and left him by will the sum of £70,000, which Clive devoted to the army . While busy with the civil See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, the conqueror of Plassey continued to follow up his military success . He sent Major Coote in pursuit of the French almost as far as See also:

• BENARES

Benares . He despatched Colonel See also:

• FORDE, FRANCIS (d. 1770)

Forde to See also:

• VIZAGAPATAM

Vizagapatam and the northern districts of Madras, where that officer gained the battle of Condore, pronounced by See also:

• BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745)

Broome " one of the most brilliant actions on military See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record." He came into See also:

• DIRECT

direct contact, for the first time, with the Great Mogul himself, an event which resulted in the most important consequences during the third period of his career . Shah Alam, when shahzada, or heir-apparent, quarrelled with his father Alam Gir II., the emperor, and See also:

• UNITED

united with the viceroys of Oudh and See also:

• ALLAHABAD

Allahabad for the con-quest of Bengal . He advanced as far as See also:

• PATNA

Patna, which he besieged with 40,000 men . Jafar Ali, in terror, sent his son to its See also:

• RELIEF

relief, and implored the aid of Clive . Major Caillaud defeated the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince's army and dispersed it .

Finally, at this period, Clive repelled the aggression of the Dutch, and avenged the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of See also:

• AMBOYNA (Dutch Ambon)

Amboyna, on that occasion when he wrote his famous letter, " Dear Forde, fight them immediately; I will send you the order of council to-morrow." Meanwhile he never ceased to improve the organization and See also:

• DRILL

drill of the See also:

• SEPOY

sepoy army, after a European See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, and enlisted into it many Mahommedans of See also:

• FINE

fine physique from upper India . He refortified Calcutta . In 176o, after four years of labour so incessant and results so glorious, his health gave way and he returned to England . " It appeared," wrote a contemporary on the spot, " as if the soul was departing from the government of Bengal." He had been formally made governor of Bengal by the court of directors at a time when his nominal superiors in Madras sought to recall him to their help there . But he had discerned the importance of the province even during his first visit to its rich delta, mighty See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and teeming population . It should be noticed, also, that he had the kingly See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of selecting the ablest subordinates, for even thus early he had discovered the ability of young See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings, destined to be his great successor, and, a year after Plassey, made him resident at the nawab's court . In 1760, at See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five years of age, Clive returned to England with a See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune of at least £300,000 and the quit-rent of 27,000 a year, after caring for the comfort of his parents and sisters, and giving Major Lawrence, his old commanding officer, who had early encouraged his military genius, 500 a year . The money had been honourably and publicly acquired, with the approval of the Company . The amount might have been four times what it was had Clive been either greedy after wealth or ungenerous to the colleagues and the troops whom he led to victory . In the five years of his conquests and administration in Bengal, the young man had crowded together a succession of exploits which led Lord Macaulay, in what that historian termed his " flashy " See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the subject, to compare him to Napoleon See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte . But there was this difference in Clive's favour, due not more to the circumstances of the time than to the See also:

• OBJECT

object of his policy—he gave peace, See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security, prosperity and such See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty as the case allowed of to a people now reckoned at nearly three hundred millions, who had for centuries been the See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey of oppression, while Napoleon's career of conquest was inspired only by See also:

• PERSONAL

personal ambition, and the See also:

• ABSOLUTISM

absolutism he established vanished with his fall . During the three years that Clive remained in England he sought a political position, chiefly that he might influence the course of events in India, which he had left full of promise .

He had been well received at court, had been made See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Clive of Plassey, in the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, had bought estates, and had got not only himself, but his friends returned to the House of Commons after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of the time . Then it was that he set himself to reform the home See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the East India Company, and began a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter warfare with Mr Sulivan, chairman of the court of directors, whom in the end he defeated . In this he was aided by the See also:

• NEWS

news of reverses in Bengal . See also:

• VANSITTART, HENRY (1732-1770 or 1771)

Vansittart, his successor, having no great influence over Jafar All Khan, had put Kasim Ali Khan, the son-in-law, in his place in consideration of certain payments to the English officials . After a brief See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure Kasim All had fled, had ordered See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Reinhardt (known to the Mahommedans as Sumru), a Swiss See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary of his, to See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher the garrison of 150 English at Patna, and had disappeared under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother viceroy of Oudh . The whole Company's service, civil and military, had become demoralized by gifts, and by the See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of the inland as well as export trade, to such an extent that the natives were pauperized, and the Company was plundered of the revenues which Clive had acquired for them . The court of proprietors, accordingly, who elected the directors, forced them, in spite of Sulivan, to See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry out Lord Clive to Bengal with the double See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of governor and commander-in-chief . What he had done for Madras, what he had accomplished for Bengal proper, and what he had effected in reforming the Company itself, he was now to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in less than two years, in this the third period of his career, by putting his country politically in the place of the emperor of Delhi, and preventing for ever the possibility of the corruption to which the British in India had been driven by an evil system . On the 3rd of May 1765 he landed at Calcutta to learn that Jafar All Khan had died, leaving him personally £7 0,000, and had been succeeded by his son, though not before the government had been further demoralized by taking £1oo,00o as a gift from the new nawab; while Kasim Ali had induced not only the viceroy of Oudh, but the emperor of Delhi himself, to invade Behar . After the first See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny in the Bengal army, which was suppressed by blowing the sepoy ringleader from a See also:

• GUN

gun, Major See also:

• MUNRO, HUGH ANDREW JOHNSTONE (1819-1885)
• MUNRO, MUNRO
• MUNRO, SIR HECTOR (1726-1805)
• MUNRO, SIR THOMAS (1761-1827)

Munro, " the See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier of those times," scattered the united armies on the hard-fought field of See also:

• BUXAR, or BAXAR

Buxar . The emperor, Shah Alam, detached himself from the See also:

• LEAGUE

league, while the Oudh viceroy threw himself on the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of the British . Clive had now an opportunity of repeating in Hindustan, or Upper India, what he had accom-plished for the good of Bengal .

He might have secured what are now called the United Provinces, and have rendered unnecessary the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of See also:

• WELLESLEY
• WELLESLEY, RICHARD COLLEY WESLEY (or WELLESLEY)

Wellesley and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake . But he had other work in the consolidation of rich Bengal itself, making it a See also:

• BASE

base from which the mighty fabric of' British India could afterwards steadily and proportionally grow . Hence he returned to the Oudh viceroy all his territory save the provinces of Allahabad and See also:

• KORA, or CORA

Kora, which he made over to the weak emperor . But from that emperor he secured the most important document in the whole of British history in India up to that time, which appears in the records as " firmaund from the King Shah Aalum, granting the dewany .of Bengal, Behar and Orissa to the Company, 1765." The date was the 12th of August, the place Benares, the See also:

• THRONE

throne an English dining-table covered with embroidered See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and surmounted by a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair in Clive's See also:

• TENT

tent . It is all pictured by a Mahommedan contemporary, who indignantly exclaims that so great a " transaction was done and finished in less time than would have been taken up in the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of a jackass." By this See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed the Company became the real See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign rulers of thirty millions of people, yielding a revenue of four millions sterling . All this had been accomplished by Clive in the few brief years since he had avenged " the Black Hole " of Calcutta . This would be a small See also:

• MATTER

matter, or might even be a cause of reproach, were it not that the Company's undisputed See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty proved, after a sore period of transition, the salvation of these millions . The lieutenant-governorship of Bengal since Clive's time has grown so large and prosperous that in 1905 it was found advisable to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide it into two See also:

• SEPARATE

separate provinces . But Clive, though thus moderate and even generous to an extent which called forth the astonishment of the natives, had all a statesman's foresight . On the same date he obtained not only an imperial See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter for the Company's possession in the Carnatic also, thus completing the work he began at Arcot, but a third firman for the highest of all the lieutenancies of the empire, that of the Deccan itself . This fact is mentioned in a letter from the secret committee of the court of directors to the Madras government, dated the 27th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1768 . Still so disproportionate did the British force seem, not only to the number and strength of the princes and people of India, but to the claims and ambition of French, Dutch and Danish rivals, that Clive's last See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice to the directors, as he finally left India in 1767, was this: " We are sensible that, since the acquisition of the dewany, the power formerly belonging to the soubah of those provinces is totally, in fact, vested in the East India Company .

Nothing remains to him but the name and See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of authority . This name, however, this shadow, it is indispensably necessary we should seem to venerate." On a wider See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena, even that of the Great Mogul himself, the shadow was kept up till it obliterated itself in the massacre of English people in the Delhi See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace in 1857; and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria was proclaimed, first, direct ruler on the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1858, and then empress of India on the 1st of January 1877 . Having thus founded the empire of British India, Clive's painful See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was to create a pure and strong administration, such as alone would justify its possession by foreigners . The civil service was de-orientalized by raising the miserable salaries which had tempted its members to be corrupt, by forbidding the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of gifts from natives, and by exacting covenants under which participation in the inland trade was stopped . Not Iess important were his military reforms . With his usual tact and See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve he put down a mutiny of the English officers, who See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose to resent the See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto against receiving presents and the reduction of See also:

• BATTA

batta at a time when two Mahratta armies were marching on Bengal . His reorganization of the army, on the lines of that which he had begun after Plassey, and which was neglected during his second visit to England, has since attracted the admiration of the ablest Indian officers . He divided the whole into three brigades, so as to make each a complete force, in itself equal to any single native army that could be brought against it . He had not enough British artillerymen, however, and would not make the See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake of his successors. who trained natives to work the guns, which were turned against the British with such effect in 1857 . It is sufficient to say that after the Mutiny the government returned to his policy, and not a native See also:

• GUNNER, or MASTER GUNNER

gunner is now to be found in the Indian army . Clive's final return to England, a poorer man than he went out, in spite of still more tremendous temptations, was the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for an outburst of his personal enemies, exceeded only by that which the malice of Sir See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis afterwards excited against Warren Hastings . Every civilian whose illicit gains he had cut off, every officer whose See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy he had foiled, every proprietor or director, like Sulivan, whose selfish schemes he had thwarted, now sought their opportunity .

He had, with consistent generosity, at once made- over the See also:

• LEGACY (Lat. legatum)

legacy of 1,70,000 from the grateful Jafar Ali, as the capital of what has since been known as " the Clive Fund," for the support of invalided European soldiers, as well as officers, and their widows, and the Company had allowed 8% on the sum for an object which it was otherwise See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to meet . General See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BURGOYNE, JOHN (1722-1792)
• BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN FOX

Burgoyne, of See also:

• SARATOGA, BATTLES OF

Saratoga memory, did his best to induce the House of Commons, in which Lord Clive was now member for See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury, to impeach the man who gave his country an empire, and the people of that empire peace and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and that, as we have seen, without blot on the gift, save in the matter of Omichund . The result, after the brilliant and See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable defences of his career which will be found in See also:

• ALMON, JOHN (1737-1805)

Almon's Debates for 1773, was a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise that saved England this time from the dishonour which, when Warren Hastings had to run the See also:

• GAUNTLET (a diminutive of the Fr. gant, glove)

gauntlet, put it in the same See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category with France in the treatment of its public benefactors abroad . On a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division the House, by 155 to 95, carried the motion that Lord Clive " did obtain and possess himself " of 234,000 during his first administration of Bengal; but, refusing td See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express an See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion on the fact, it passed unanimously the second motion, at five in the See also:

• MORNING

morning, " that Robert, Lord Clive, did at the same time render great and meritorious services to his country." The one moral question; the one questionable transaction in all that brilliant and tempted life—the Omichund treaty—was not touched . Only one who can personally understand what Clive's power and services had been will rightly realize the effect on him, though in the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime of life, of the discussions through which he had been dragged . In the greatest of his speeches, in reply to Lord North, he said,—" My situation, sir, 'has not been an easy one for these twelve months past, and though my See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience could never accuse me, yet I felt for my friends who were involved in the same censure as myself . . . . I have been examined by the select committee more like a See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-stealer than a member of this House." Fully accepting that statement, and believing him to have been purer than his accusers in spite of temptations unknown to them, we see in Clive's end the result merely of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical suffering, of chronic disease which See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium failed to abate, while the worry and chagrin caused by his enemies gave it full See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope . This great man, who did more for his country than any soldier till See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington, and more for the people and princes of India than any statesman in history, died by his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand on the 22nd of November 1774 in his fiftieth year . The portrait of Clive, by See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

Dance, in the council chamber of Government House, Calcutta, faithfully represents him . He was slightly above middle-See also:

• SIZE

size, with a countenance rendered heavy and almost sad by a natural fulness above the eyes . Reserved to the many, he was beloved by his own family and friends .

His encouragement of scientific undertakings like Major See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• RENNELL, JAMES (1742-1830)

Rennell's surveys, and of philological researches like Francis Gladwin's, gained him to two honorary distinctions of F.R.S. and LL.D . His son and successor See also:

• EDWARD

Edward (1754–1839) was created See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• POWIS, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Powis in 1804, his wife being the sister and heiress of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert, earl of Powis (1755–1801) . He is thus the ancestor of the later earls of Powis, who took the name of Herbert instead of that of Clive in 1807 . See Sir A . J . See also:

• ARBUTHNOT, ALEXANDER (1538-1583)
• ARBUTHNOT, JOHN (1667-1735)

Arbuthnot,`Lord Clive (" Builders of Great Britain" See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series) (1899) ; Sir C . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson, Lord Clive (" English Men of Action " series) (189o) ; G . B . See also:

• MALLESON, GEORGE BRUCE (1825-1898)

Malleson, Lord Clive (" Rulers of India" series) (189o) ; F . M . See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes, Four Heroes of India (1892); C .