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BARON ROBERT See also: empire of See also: British See also: India, was See also: born on the 29th of See also: September 1725 at Styche, the See also: family estate, in the parish of Moreton Say, Market See also: Drayton, See also: Shropshire
.
We learn from himself, in his second speech in the See also: House of See also: Commons in 1773, that as the estate yielded only £500 a See also: year, his See also: father followed the profession of the See also: law also
.
The Clives, or Clyves, were one of the See also: oldest families in the county of Shropshire, having held the See also: manor of that name in the reign of See also: Henry II
.
One
See also: Clive was Irish chancellor of the See also: exchequer under Henry VIII.; another was a member of the Long Parliament; Robert's father for many years represented Montgomeryshire in parliament
.
His See also: mother, to whom he was tenderly attached, and who had a powerful influence on his career, was a daughter, and with her See also: sister Lady See also: Sempill co-heir, of Nathaniel Gaskell of Manchester
.
Robert was their eldest son
.
With his five sisters, all of whom were married in due See also: time, he ever maintained the most affectionate relations
.
His only brcther survived to 1825
.
See also: Young Clive was the despair of his teachers
.
Sent from school to school, and for only a See also: short time at the See also: Merchant Taylors' school, which then as now had a high reputation, he neglected his books for perilous adventures
.
But he was not so ignorant as his biographers represent
.
He could read Horace in after See also: life ; and he must have laid in his youth the foundation of that clear and vigorous See also: English See also: style which marked all his despatches, and made See also: Lord See also: Chatham declare of one of his speeches in the House of Commons that it was the most eloquent he had ever heard
.
From his earliest years, however, his ambition was to See also: lead his See also: fellows; but he never sacrificed honour, as the word was then understood, even to the fear of See also: death
.
At eighteen he was sent out to See also: Madras as a " factor " or " writer " in the See also: civil service of the See also: East India See also: Company
.
The detention of the See also: ship in See also: Brazil for nine months enabled him to acquire the Portuguese language, which, at a time when few or none of the Company's servants learned the vernaculars of India, he often found of use
.
For the first two years of his residence he was miserable
.
He felt keenly the separatiorfrom home; he was always breaking through the restraints Imposed on young " writers "; and he was rarely out of trouble with his fellows, with one of whom he fought a duel
.
Thus early, too, the effect of the See also: climate on his See also: health began to show itself in those fits of depression during one of which he afterwards prematurely ended his life
.
The See also: story is told of him by his companions, though he himself never spoke of it, that he twice snapped a See also: pistol at his See also: head in vain
.
His one solace was found in the governor's library, where he sought to make up for past carelessness by a systematic course of study
.
He was just of age, when in 1746 Madras was forced to capitulate to Labourdonnais during the War of the See also: Austrian Succession
.
The breach of that capitulation by See also: Dupleix, then at the head of the French settlements in India, led Clive, with others, to escape from the See also: town to the subordinate Fort St See also: David, some 20 M. to the See also: south
.
There, disgusted with the See also: state of affairs and the purely com-See also: menial duties of an East See also: Indian civilian, as they then were, Clive obtained an ensign's commission
.
At this time India was ready to become the prize of the first conqueror who to the dash of the soldier added the skill of the See also: administrator
.
For the See also: forty years since the death of the emperor See also: Aurangzeb, the power of the See also: Great See also: Mogul had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or subadhars
.
The three greatest of these were the See also: nawab of the Deccan, or south and central India, who ruled from Hyderabad, the nawab of See also: Bengal, whose capital was See also: Murshidabad, and the nawab or See also: wazir of Oudh
.
The prize See also: lay between Dupleix, who had the See also: genius of an administrator, or rather intriguer, but was no soldier, and Clive, the first of a century's brilliant succession of those " soldier-politicals," as they are called in the East, to whom Great Britain owes the See also: conquest and consolidation of its greatest dependency
.
Clive successively established British ascendancy against French influence in the three great provinces under these nawabs
.
But his merit lies especially in the ability and foresight with which he secured for his country, and for the See also: good of the natives, the richest of the three, Bengal
.
First, as to Madras and the Deccan, Clive had hardly been able to commend himself to Major Stringer See also: Lawrence,the See also: commander of the British troops, by his courage and skill in several small engagements, when the See also: peace of See also: Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) forced him to return to his civil duties for a short time
.
An attack of the malady which so severely affected his See also: spirits led him to visit Bengal, where he was soon to distinguish himself
.
On his return he found a contest going on between two sets of See also: rival claimants for the position of See also: viceroy of the Deccan, and for that of nawab of the Carnatic, the greatest of the subordinate states under the Deccan
.
Dupleix, who took the See also: part of the pretenders to power in both places, was carrying all before him
.
The British had been weakened by the withdrawal of a large force under See also: Admiral See also: Boscawen, and by the return home, on leave, of Major Lawrence
.
But that officer had appointed Clive commissary for the supply of the troops with provisions, with the See also: rank of captain
.
More than one disaster had taken place on a small See also: scale, when Clive See also: drew up a See also: plan for dividing the enemy's forces, and offered to carry it out himself
.
The pretender, See also: Chanda See also: Sahib, had been made nawab of the Carnatic with Dupleix's assistance, while the British had taken up the cause of the more legitimate successor, Mahommed See also: Ali
.
Chanda Sahib had See also: left See also: Arcot, the capital of the Carnatic, to reduce See also: Trichinopoly, then held by a weak English See also: battalion
.
Clive offered to attack Arcot in See also: order to force Chanda Sahib to raise the siege of Trichinopoly
.
But Madras and Fort St David could supply him with only zoo Europeans and 300 sepoys
.
Of the eight See also: officers who led them, four were civilians like Clive himself, and six had never been in See also: action
.
His force had but three See also: field-pieces
.
The circumstances that Clive, at the head of this handful, had been seen marching during a
See also: storm of See also: thunder and See also: lightning, frightened the enemy into evacuating the fort, which the British at once began to strengthen against a siege
.
Clive treated the great population of the city with so much consideration that they helped him, not only to fortify his position, but to make successful sallies against the enemy
.
As the days passed on, Chanda Sahib sent a large army under his son and his French supporters, who entered Arcot and closely besieged Clive in the citadel
.
Macaulay gives the following brilliant account of the siege:—" See also: Raja Sahib proceeded to invest the fort, which seemed quite incapable of sustaining a siege
.
The walls were ruinous, the ditches dry, the ramparts too narrow to admit the guns, and the battlements too low to protect the soldiers
.
The little garrison had been greatly reduced by casualties
.
It now consisted of 12o Europeans and 20o sepoys . Only four officers were left, the stock of provisions was scanty, and the commander who had to conduct the defence under circumstances so discouraging was a youngSee also: man of five and twenty, who had been bred as a See also: book-keeper
.
During fifty days the siege went on, and the young captain maintained the defence with a firmness, vigilance and ability which would have done honour to the oldest marshal in See also: Europe
.
The breach, however, increased See also: day by day
.
Under such circumstances, any troops so scantily provided with officers might have been expected to show signs of insubordination; and the danger was peculiarlygreat in a force composed of men differing widely from each other in extraction, colour, language,
See also: manners and See also: religion
.
But the devotion of the little See also: band to its chief surpassed anything that is related of the Tenth See also: Legion of Caesar, or the Old Guard of See also: Napoleon
.
The sepoys came to Clive, not to complain of their scanty fare, but to propose that all the grain should be given to the Europeans, who required more nourishment than the natives of See also: Asia
.
The thin gruel, they said, which was strained away from the See also: rice would suffice for themselves
.
See also: History contains no more touching instance of military fidelity, or of the influence of a commanding mind
.
An attempt made by the governor of Madras to relieve the place had failed; but there was hope from another quarter
.
A See also: body of 3000 See also: Mahrattas, See also: half soldiers, half robbers, under the command of a chief named Murari Rao had been hired to assist Mahommed Ali; but thinking the French power irresistible, and the See also: triumph of Chanda Sahib certain, they had hitherto remained inactive on the frontiers of the Carnatic
.
The fame of the defence of Arcot roused them from their torpor; Murari Rao declared that he had never before believed that Englishmen could fight, but that he would willingly help them since he saw that they had spirit to help themselves
.
Raja Sahib learned that the Mahrattas were in motion, and it was necessary for him to be expeditious . He first tried negotiations—he offered large bribes to Clive, which were rejected with scorn; he vowed that if his proposals were not accepted, he would instantly storm the fort, and put every man in it to the sword . Clive told him, in reply, with characteristic haughtiness, that his father was a usurper, that his army was aSee also: rabble, and that he would do well to think twice before he sent such poltroons into a breach defended by English soldiers
.
Raja Sahib determined to storm the fort
.
The day was well suited to a bold military enter-prise
.
It was the great See also: Mahommedan festival, the Muharram, which is sacred to the memory of Husain, the son of Ali
.
Clive had received secret intelligence of the design, had made his arrangements, and, exhausted by fatigue, had thrown himself on his See also: bed
.
He was awakened by the alarm, and was instantly at his See also: post
.
The enemy advanced, driving before them elephants whose foreheads were armed with iron plates
.
It was expected that the See also: gates would yield to the See also: shock of these living battering-rams
.
But the huge beasts no sooner felt the English musket balls than they turned round and rushed furiously away, trampling on the multitude which had urged them forward
.
A raft was launched on the See also: water which filled one part of the ditch
.
Clive perceiving that his gunners at that post did not understand their business, took the management of a piece of artillery himself, and cleared the raft in a few minutes . Where theSee also: moat was dry, the assailants mounted with great boldness; but they were received with a fire so heavy and so well directed, that it soon quelled the courage even of fanaticism and of intoxication
.
The See also: rear ranks of the English kept the front ranks supplied with a See also: constant succession of loaded muskets, and very shot told on the living mass below
.
The struggle lasted about an See also: hour; 400 of the assailants See also: fell; the garrison lost only five or six men
.
The besieged passed an anxious See also: night, looking for a renewal of the attack
.
But when day broke, the enemy were no more to be seen
.
They had retired, leaving to the English several guns and a large quantity of See also: ammunition."
In India, we might say in all history, there is no parallel to this exploit of 1751 till we come to the siege of See also: Lucknow in 1857
.
Clive, now reinforced, followed up his See also: advantage, and Major Lawrence returned in time to carry the war to a successful issue
.
In 1954 the first of the Carnatic See also: treaties was made provisionally, between T
.
Saunders, the Company's See also: resident at Madras, and M
.
Godeheu, the French commander, in which the English protege, Mahommed All, was virtually recognized as nawab, and both nations agreed to equalize their possessions
.
When war again broke out in 1756, and the French, during Clive's See also: absence in Bengal, obtained successes in the See also: northern districts, his efforts helped to drive them from their settlements
.
The Treaty of See also: Paris in 1763 formally confirmed Mahommed Ali in the position which Clive had won for him
.
Two years after, the Madras See also: work of Clive was completed by a firman from the emperor of See also: Delhi, recognizing the British possessions in See also: southern India
.
The siege of Arcot at once gave Clive a See also: European reputation
.
Pitt pronounced the youth of twenty-seven who had done such deeds a " heaven-born general," thus endorsing the generous appreciation of his early commander, Major Lawrence
.
When the See also: court of See also: directors voted him a sword worth £700, he refused to receive it unless Lawrence was similarly honoured
.
He left Madras for home, after ten years' absence, early in 1953, but not before marrying See also: Miss See also: Margaret See also: Maskelyne, the sister of a friend, and of one who was afterwards well known as astronomer royal
.
All his See also: correspondence proves him to have been a good See also: husband and father, at a time when society was far from pure, and See also: scandal made havoc of the highest reputations
.
In after days, when Clive's uprightness and stern reform of the Company'scivil and military services made him many enemies, a biography of him appeared under the assumed name of See also: Charles Carracioli, Gent
.
All the evidence is against the probability of its scandalous stories being true
.
Clive as a young man occasionally indulged in loose or
See also: free talk among intimate See also: friends, but beyond this nothing has been proved to his detriment
.
After he had been two years at home the state of affairs in India made the directors anxious for his return
.
He was sent out, in 1756, as governor of Fort St David, with the reversion of the See also: government of Madras, and he received the commission of See also: lieutenant-colonel in the See also: king's army
.
He took Bombay on his way, and there commanded the See also: land force which captured Gheria, the stronghold of the Mahratta pirate, Angria
.
In the distribution of prize See also: money which followed this expedition he showed no little self-denial
.
He took his seat as governor of Fort St David on the day on which the nawab of Bengal captured See also: Calcutta, and thither the Madras government at once sent him, with admiral See also: Watson
.
He entered on the second See also: period of his career
.
Since, in See also: August 169o, See also: Job Charnock had landed at the See also: village of Sutanati with a guard of one officer and 30 men, the infant capital of Calcutta had become a See also: rich centre of See also: trade
.
The successive nawabs or viceroys of Bengal had been friendly to it, till, in 1756, Suraj-ud-Dowlah succeeded his See also: uncle at Murshidabad
.
His predecessor's See also: financial See also: minister had fled to Calcutta to escape the extortion of the new nawab, and the English governor refused to deliver up the refugee
.
Enraged at this, Suraj-ud-Dowlah captured the old fort of Calcutta on the 20th of See also: June and plundered it of more than two millions sterling
.
Many of the English fled to See also: ships and dropped down the See also: river
.
The 146 who remained were forced into " the Black Hole " in the stifling heat of the sultriest period of the year
.
Only 23 came out alive
.
The See also: fleet was as strong, for those days, as the land force was weak
.
Disembarking his troops some See also: miles below the city, Clive marched through the jungles, where he lost his way owing to the treachery of his guides, but soon invested Fort See also: William, while the fire of the ships reduced it, on the 2nd of
See also: January 1757
.
On the 4th of See also: February he defeated the whole army of the nawab, which had taken up a strong position just beyond what is now the most northerly suburb of Calcutta
.
The nawab hastened to conclude a treaty, under which favourable terms were See also: con-ceded to the Company's trade, the factories and plundered See also: property were restored, and an English mint was established
.
In the accompanying agreement, offensive and defensive, Clive appears under the name by which he was always known to the natives of India, Sabut See also: Jung, or " the daring in war." The See also: hero of Arcot had, at Angria's stronghold, and now again under the walls of Calcutta, established his reputation as the first captain of the time
.
With 600 British soldiers, 800 sepoys, 7 field-pieces and 500 sailors to draw them, he had routed a force of 34,000 men with 40 pieces of heavy cannon, 50 elephants, and a See also: camp that extended upwards of four miles in length
.
His own account, in a letter to the archbishop of See also: Canterbury, gives a modest but vivid description of the See also: battle, the importance of which has been overshadowed by See also: Plassey
.
In spite of his See also: double defeat and the treaty which followed it, the madness of the nawab burst forth again
.
As See also: England and See also: France were once more at war, Clive sent the fleet up the river against See also: Chandernagore, while he besieged it by land
.
After consenting to the siege, the nawab sought to assist the French, but in vain
.
The capture of their See also: principal See also: settlement in India, next to See also: Pondicherry, which had fallen in the previous war, gave the combined forces prize to the value of £130,000
.
The See also: rule of Suraj-ud-Dowlah became as intolerable to his own See also: people as to the British
.
They formed a confederacy to depose him, at the head of which was Jafar Ali Khan, his commander-in-chief
.
Associating with himself Admiral Watson, Governor Drake and MrSee also: Watts, Clive made a treaty in which it was agreed to give the office of viceroy of Bengal, See also: Behar and See also: Orissa to Jafar, who -was to pay a million sterling to the Company for its losses in Calcutta and the cost of its troops, half a million to the British inhabitants of Calcutta, £200;000 to the native inhabitants, and £70,000 to its Armenian merchants
.
Up to this point all is clear
.
Suraj-ud-Dowlah was
hopeless as a ruler
.
His relations alike to his master, the merely titular emperor of Delhi, and to the people left the province open to the strongest
.
After "the Black Hole," the battle of Calcutta, and the treachery at Chandernagore in spite of the treaty which followed that battle, the East India Company could treat the nawab only as an enemy
.
Clive, it is true, might have disregarded all native intrigue, marched on Murshidabad, and at once held the See also: delta of the See also: Ganges in the Company's name
.
But the time was not ripe for this, and the consequences, with so small a force, might have been fatal
.
The idea of acting directly as rulers, or save under native charters and names, was not See also: developed by events for half a century
.
The See also: political morality of the time in Europe, as well as the See also: comparative weakness of the Company in India, led Clive not only to meet the dishonesty of his native associate by equal dishonesty, but to justify his conduct by the declaration, years after, in parliament, that he would do the same again
.
It became necessary to employ the richest See also: Bengali trader, See also: Omichund, as an See also: agent between Jafar Ali and the British officials
.
Master of the secret of the confederacy against Surajud-Dowlah, the Bengali threatened to betray it unless he was guaranteed, in the treaty itself, £300,000
.
To dupe the villain, who was really paid by both sides, a second, or fictitious treaty, was shown him with a clause to this effect
.
This Admiral Watson refused to sign; " but," Clive deponed to the House of Commons, " to the best of his remembrance, he gave the gentleman who carried it leave to sign his name upon it; his lordship never made any secret of it; he thinks it warrantable in such aSee also: case, and would do it again a See also: hundred times; he had no interested See also: motive in doing it, and did it with a design of disappointing the expectations of a rapacious man." Such is Clive's own defence of the one See also: act which, in a long career of abounding temptations, was of questionable honesty
.
The whole hot season of 1757 was spent in these negotiations, till the See also: middle of June, when Clive began his See also: march from Chandernagore, the British in boats, and the sepoys along the right
See also: bank of the See also: Hugli
.
That river above Calcutta is, during the See also: rainy season, fed by the overflow of the Ganges to the See also: north through three streams, which in the hot months are nearly dry
.
On the left bank of the Bhagirathi, the most See also: westerly of these, See also: ioo m. above Chandernagore, stands Murshidabad, the capital of the Mogul viceroys of Bengal, and then so vast that Clive compared it to the See also: London of his day
.
Some miles farther down is the field of Plassey, then an extensive See also: grove of
See also: mango trees, of which enough yet remains, in spite of the changing course of the stream, to enable the visitor to realize the scene
.
On the 2rst of June Clive arrived on the bank opposite Plassey, in the midst of that outburst of rain which ushers in the south-west monsoon of India
.
His whole army amounted to rroo Europeans and 2x00 native troops, with 9 field-pieces
.
The nawab had See also: drawn up x8,000 See also: horse, 50,000 See also: foot and 53 pieces of heavy ordnance, served by French artillerymen
.
For once in his career Clive hesitated, and called a council of sixteen officers to decide, as he put it, " whether in our See also: present situation, without assistance, and on our own bottom, it would be prudent to attack the nawab, or whether we should wait till joined by some country power
?
" Clive himself headed the nine who voted for delay; Major (afterwards See also: Sir) Eyre See also: Coote led the seven who counselled immediate attack
.
But, either because his daring asserted itself, or because, also, of a letter that he received from Jafar All, as has been said, Clive was the first to change his mind and to communicate with Major Eyre Coote
.
One tradition, followed by Macaulay, represents him as spending an hour in thought under the shade of some trees, while he resolved the issues of what was to prove one of the decisive battles of the See also: world
.
Another, turned into verse by SirSee also: Alfred See also: Lyall, pictures his See also: resolution as the result of a dream
.
However that may be, he did well as a soldier to See also: trust to the dash and even rashness that had gained Arcot and triumphed at Calcutta, and as a statesman, since retreat, or even delay, would have put back the See also: civilization of India for years
.
When, after the heavy rain, the See also: sun See also: rose brightly on the 32nd, the 3200 men and the 9 guns crossed the river and took possession of the grove and its tanks of water, while Clive established his head-quarters in a hunting See also: lodge
.
On the 23rd the engagement took place and lasted the whole day
.
Except the 40 Frenchmen and the guns which they worked, the enemy did little to reply to the British cannonade which, with the 39th Regiment, scattered the See also: host, inflicting on it a loss of goo men
.
Clive restrained the ardour of Major Kilpatrick, for he trusted to Jafar Ali's abstinence, if not See also: desertion to his ranks, and knew the importance of sparing his own small force
.
He lost hardly a See also: white soldier; in all 22 sepoys were killed and 50 wounded
.
His own account, written a
See also: month after the battle to the secret committee of the court of directors, is not less unaffected than that in which he had announced the defeat of the nawab at Calcutta
.
Suraj-ud-Dowlah fled from the field on a camel, secured what See also: wealth he could, and came to an untimely end
.
Clive entered Murshidabad, and established Jafar Ali in the position which his descendants have ever since enjoyed, as pensioners, but have not infrequently abused
.
When taken through the See also: treasury, amid a million and a half sterling's worth of rupees, gold and See also: silver See also: plate, jewels and rich goods, and besought to ask what he would, Clive was content with £r60,000, while half a million was distributed among the army and See also: navy, both in addition to gifts of £24,000 to each member of the Company's committee, and besides the public compensation stipulated for in the treaty
.
It was to this occasion that he referred in his defence before the House of Commons, when he declared that he marvelled at his moderation
.
He sought rather to increase the shares of the fleet and the troops at his own expense, as he had done at Gheria, and did more than once afterwards, with prize of war . What he did take from the grateful nawab for himself was less than the circumstances justified from an See also: Oriental point of view, was far less than was pressed upon him, not only by Jafar Ali, but by the hundreds of native nobles whose gifts Clive steadily refused, and was openly acknowledged from the first
.
He followed a usage fully recognized by the Company, although the fruitful source of future evils which he himself was again sent out to correct
.
The Company itself acquired a revenue of £roo,000 a year, and a contribution towards its losses and military See also: expenditure of a million and a half sterling
.
Such was Jafar Ali's gratitude to Clive that he after-wards presented him with the quit-See also: rent of the Company's lands in and around Calcutta, amounting to an See also: annuity of £27,000 for life, and left him by will the sum of £70,000, which Clive devoted to the army
.
While busy with the civil administration, the conqueror of Plassey continued to follow up his military success
.
He sent Major Coote in pursuit of the French almost as far as See also: Benares
.
He despatched Colonel See also: Forde to See also: Vizagapatam and the northern districts of Madras, where that officer gained the battle of Condore, pronounced by See also: Broome " one of the most brilliant actions on military record." He came into See also: direct contact, for the first time, with the Great Mogul himself, an event which resulted in the most important consequences during the third period of his career
.
Shah Alam, when shahzada, or heir-apparent, quarrelled with his father Alam Gir II., the emperor, and See also: united with the viceroys of Oudh and See also: Allahabad for the con-quest of Bengal
.
He advanced as far as See also: Patna, which he besieged with 40,000 men
.
Jafar Ali, in terror, sent his son to its See also: relief, and implored the aid of Clive
.
Major Caillaud defeated the See also: prince's army and dispersed it
.
Finally, at this period, Clive repelled the aggression of the Dutch, and avenged the See also: massacre of See also: Amboyna, on that occasion when he wrote his famous letter, " Dear Forde, fight them immediately; I will send you the order of council to-morrow." Meanwhile he never ceased to improve the organization and See also: drill of the See also: sepoy army, after a European See also: model, and enlisted into it many Mahommedans of See also: fine physique from upper India
.
He refortified Calcutta
.
In 176o, after four years of labour so incessant and results so glorious, his health gave way and he returned to England
.
" It appeared," wrote a contemporary on the spot, " as if the soul was departing from the government of Bengal." He had been formally made governor of Bengal by the court of directors at a time when his nominal superiors in Madras sought to recall him to their help there
.
But he had discerned the importance of the province
even during his first visit to its rich delta, mighty See also: rivers and teeming population
.
It should be noticed, also, that he had the kingly gift of selecting the ablest subordinates, for even thus early he had discovered the ability of young See also: Warren Hastings, destined to be his great successor, and, a year after Plassey, made him resident at the nawab's court
.
In 1760, at See also: thirty-five years of age, Clive returned to England with a See also: fortune of at least £300,000 and the quit-rent of 27,000 a year, after caring for the comfort of his parents and sisters, and giving Major Lawrence, his old commanding officer, who had early encouraged his military genius, 500 a year
.
The money had been honourably and publicly acquired, with the approval of the Company
.
The amount might have been four times what it was had Clive been either greedy after wealth or ungenerous to the colleagues and the troops whom he led to victory
.
In the five years of his conquests and administration in Bengal, the young man had crowded together a succession of exploits which led Lord Macaulay, in what that historian termed his " flashy " essay on the subject, to compare him to Napoleon See also: Bonaparte
.
But there was this difference in Clive's favour, due not more to the circumstances of the time than to the See also: object of his policy—he gave peace, security, prosperity and such liberty as the case allowed of to a people now reckoned at nearly three hundred millions, who had for centuries been the prey of oppression, while Napoleon's career of conquest was inspired only by See also: personal ambition, and the See also: absolutism he established vanished with his fall
.
During the three years that Clive remained in England he sought a political position, chiefly that he might influence the course of events in India, which he had left full of promise
.
He had been well received at court, had been made Baron Clive of Plassey, in theSee also: peerage of See also: Ireland, had bought estates, and had got not only himself, but his friends returned to the House of Commons after the fashion of the time
.
Then it was that he set himself to reform the home See also: system of the East India Company, and began a bitter warfare with Mr Sulivan, chairman of the court of directors, whom in the end he defeated
.
In this he was aided by the See also: news of reverses in Bengal
.
Vansittart, his successor, having no great influence over Jafar All Khan, had put Kasim Ali Khan, the son-in-law, in his place in consideration of certain payments to the English officials
.
After a brief tenure Kasim All had fled, had ordered Walter Reinhardt (known to the Mahommedans as Sumru), a Swiss mercenary of his, to See also: butcher the garrison of 150 English at Patna, and had disappeared under the See also: protection of his See also: brother viceroy of Oudh
.
The whole Company's service, civil and military, had become demoralized by gifts, and by the See also: monopoly of the inland as well as export trade, to such an extent that the natives were pauperized, and the Company was plundered of the revenues which Clive had acquired for them
.
The court of proprietors, accordingly, who elected the directors, forced them, in spite of Sulivan, to See also: hurry out Lord Clive to Bengal with the double See also: powers of governor and commander-in-chief
.
What he had done for Madras, what he had accomplished for Bengal proper, and what he had effected in reforming the Company itself, he was now to See also: complete in less than two years, in this the third period of his career, by putting his country politically in the place of the emperor of Delhi, and preventing for ever the possibility of the corruption to which the British in India had been driven by an evil system
.
On the 3rd of May 1765 he landed at Calcutta to learn that Jafar All Khan had died, leaving him personally £7 0,000, and had been succeeded by his son, though not before the government had been further demoralized by taking £1oo,00o as a gift from the new nawab; while Kasim Ali had induced not only the viceroy of Oudh, but the emperor of Delhi himself, to invade Behar
.
After the first See also: mutiny in the Bengal army, which was suppressed by blowing the sepoy ringleader from a See also: gun, Major See also: Munro, " the See also: Napier of those times," scattered the united armies on the hard-fought field of See also: Buxar
.
The emperor, Shah Alam, detached himself from the See also: league, while the Oudh viceroy threw himself on the mercy of the British
.
Clive had now an opportunity of repeating in Hindustan, or Upper India, what he had accom-plished for the good of Bengal
.
He might have secured what are now called the United Provinces, and have rendered unnecessary the See also: campaigns of Wellesley and Lake
.
But he had other work in the consolidation of rich Bengal itself, making it a See also: base from which the mighty fabric of' British India could afterwards steadily and proportionally grow
.
Hence he returned to the Oudh viceroy all his territory save the provinces of Allahabad and See also: Kora, which he made over to the weak emperor
.
But from that emperor he secured the most important document in the whole of British history in India up to that time, which appears in the records as " firmaund from the King Shah Aalum, granting the dewany .of Bengal, Behar and Orissa to the Company, 1765." The date was the 12th of August, the place Benares, the See also: throne an English dining-table covered with embroidered See also: cloth and surmounted by a chair in Clive's See also: tent
.
It is all pictured by a Mahommedan contemporary, who indignantly exclaims that so great a " transaction was done and finished in less time than would have been taken up in the sale of a jackass." By this deed the Company became the real See also: sovereign rulers of thirty millions of people, yielding a revenue of four millions sterling
.
All this had been accomplished by Clive in the few brief years since he had avenged " the Black Hole " of Calcutta
.
This would be a small See also: matter, or might even be a cause of reproach, were it not that the Company's undisputed See also: sovereignty proved, after a sore period of transition, the salvation of these millions
.
The lieutenant-governorship of Bengal since Clive's time has grown so large and prosperous that in 1905 it was found advisable to See also: divide it into two See also: separate provinces
.
But Clive, though thus moderate and even generous to an extent which called forth the astonishment of the natives, had all a statesman's foresight
.
On the same date he obtained not only an imperial charter for the Company's possession in the Carnatic also, thus completing the work he began at Arcot, but a third firman for the highest of all the lieutenancies of the empire, that of the Deccan itself
.
This fact is mentioned in a letter from the secret committee of the court of directors to the Madras government, dated the 27th of See also: April 1768
.
Still so disproportionate did the British force seem, not only to the number and strength of the princes and people of India, but to the claims and ambition of French, Dutch and Danish rivals, that Clive's last advice to the directors, as he finally left India in 1767, was this: " We are sensible that, since the acquisition of the dewany, the power formerly belonging to the soubah of those provinces is totally, in fact, vested in the East India Company
.
Nothing remains to him but the name and See also: shadow of authority
.
This name, however, this shadow, it is indispensably necessary we should seem to venerate." On a wider See also: arena, even that of the Great Mogul himself, the shadow was kept up till it obliterated itself in the massacre of English people in the Delhi palace in 1857; and See also: Queen See also: Victoria was proclaimed, first, direct ruler on the 1st of See also: November 1858, and then empress of India on the 1st of January 1877
.
Having thus founded the empire of British India, Clive's painful duty was to create a pure and strong administration, such as alone would justify its possession by foreigners
.
The civil service was de-orientalized by raising the miserable salaries which had tempted its members to be corrupt, by forbidding the acceptance of gifts from natives, and by exacting covenants under which participation in the inland trade was stopped
.
Not Iess important were his military reforms
.
With his usual tact and nerve he put down a mutiny of the English officers, who See also: chose to resent the See also: veto against receiving presents and the reduction of See also: batta at a time when two Mahratta armies were marching on Bengal
.
His reorganization of the army, on the lines of that which he had begun after Plassey, and which was neglected during his second visit to England, has since attracted the admiration of the ablest Indian officers
.
He divided the whole into three brigades, so as to make each a complete force, in itself equal to any single native army that could be brought against it
.
He had not enough British artillerymen, however, and would not make the See also: mistake of his successors. who trained natives to work the guns, which were turned against the British
with such effect in 1857
.
It is sufficient to say that after the Mutiny the government returned to his policy, and not a native See also: gunner is now to be found in the Indian army
.
Clive's final return to England, a poorer man than he went out, in spite of still more tremendous temptations, was the See also: signal for an outburst of his personal enemies, exceeded only by that which the malice of Sir See also: Philip
See also: Francis afterwards excited against Warren Hastings
.
Every civilian whose illicit gains he had cut off, every officer whose conspiracy he had foiled, every proprietor or director, like Sulivan, whose selfish schemes he had thwarted, now sought their opportunity
.
He had, with consistent generosity, at once made- over the See also: legacy of 1,70,000 from the grateful Jafar Ali, as the capital of what has since been known as " the Clive Fund," for the support of invalided European soldiers, as well as officers, and their widows, and the Company had allowed 8% on the sum for an object which it was otherwise bound to meet
.
General See also: John Burgoyne, of
See also: Saratoga memory, did his best to induce the House of Commons, in which Lord Clive was now member for See also: Shrewsbury, to impeach the man who gave his country an empire, and the people of that empire peace and See also: justice, and that, as we have seen, without blot on the gift, save in the matter of Omichund
.
The result, after the brilliant and honourable defences of his career which will be found in See also: Almon's Debates for 1773, was a compromise that saved England this time from the dishonour which, when Warren Hastings had to run the gauntlet, put it in the same category with France in the treatment of its public benefactors abroad
.
On a division the House, by 155 to 95, carried the motion that Lord Clive " did obtain and possess himself " of 234,000 during his first administration of Bengal; but, refusing td express an opinion on the fact, it passed unanimously the second motion, at five in the See also: morning, " that Robert, Lord Clive, did at the same time render great and meritorious services to his country." The one moral question; the one questionable transaction in all that brilliant and tempted life—the Omichund treaty—was not touched
.
Only one who can personally understand what Clive's power and services had been will rightly realize the effect on him, though in the See also: prime of life, of the discussions through which he had been dragged
.
In the greatest of his speeches, in reply to Lord North, he said,—" My situation, sir, 'has not been an easy one for these twelve months past, and though my See also: conscience could never accuse me, yet I felt for my friends who were involved in the same censure as myself
.
.
.
. I have been examined by the select committee more like a See also: sheep-stealer than a member of this House." Fully accepting that statement, and believing him to have been purer than his accusers in spite of temptations unknown to them, we see in Clive's end the result merely of See also: physical suffering, of chronic disease which opium failed to abate, while the worry and chagrin caused by his enemies gave it full scope
.
This great man, who did more for his country than any soldier till Wellington, and more for the people and princes of India than any statesman in history, died by his own See also: hand on the 22nd of November 1774 in his fiftieth year
.
The portrait of Clive, by Dance, in the council chamber of Government House, Calcutta, faithfully represents him
.
He was slightly above middle-See also: size, with a countenance rendered heavy and almost sad by a natural fulness above the eyes
.
Reserved to the many, he was beloved by his own family and friends
.
His encouragement of scientific undertakings like Major See also: James
See also: Rennell's surveys, and of philological researches like Francis Gladwin's, gained him to two honorary distinctions of F.R.S. and LL.D
.
His son and successor See also: Edward (1754–1839) was created See also: earl of See also: Powis in 1804, his wife being the sister and heiress of See also: George See also: Herbert, earl of Powis (1755–1801)
.
He is thus the ancestor of the later earls of Powis, who took the name of Herbert instead of that of Clive in 1807
.
See Sir A
.
J
.
Arbuthnot,`Lord Clive (" Builders of Great Britain" series) (1899) ; Sir C
.
See also: Wilson, Lord Clive (" English Men of Action " series) (189o) ; G
.
B
.
See also: Malleson, Lord Clive (" Rulers of India" series) (189o) ; F
.
M
.
See also: Holmes, Four Heroes of India (1892); C
.
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