CLOVES  , the dried, unexpanded See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata, a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree belonging to the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Myrtaceae . They are so named from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French word clou, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their resemblance to a See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail . The clove tree is a beautiful See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen which grows to a height of from 30 to 40 ft., having large See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval leaves and See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers in numerous See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of terminal clusters . The flower-buds are at first of a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and gradually become See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, after which they develop into a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red, when they are ready for See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting . Cloves are rather more than See also:

• HALF

half an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in length, and consist of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long cylindrical°calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a small See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball in the centre . The tree is a native of the small See also:

• GROUP

group of islands in the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago called the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas, or Spice Islands; but it was long cultivated by the Dutch in See also:

• AMBOYNA (Dutch Ambon)

Amboyna and two or three small neighbouring islands . Cloves were one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental spices that See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early excited the cupidity of Western commercial communities, having been the basis of a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and lucrative See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade from an early See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . The Portuguese, by doubling the Cape of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, obtained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the principal portion of the clove trade, which they continued to hold for nearly a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when, in 16o5, they were expelled from the Moluccas by the Dutch . That See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power exerted See also:

• GREAT

great and inhuman efforts to obtain a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of the trade, attempting to extirpate all the clove trees growing in their native islands, and to concentrate the whole See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production in the Amboyna Islands . With great difficulty the French succeeded in introducing the clove tree into See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1770; subsequently the cultivation was introduced into See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana, See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, most of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indian Islands and See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief commercial See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply are now Zanzibar and its neighbouring See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island See also:

• PEMBA

Pemba on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and Amboyna . Cloves are also grown in See also:

• JAVA

Java, See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra, See also:

• REUNION

Reunion, Guiana and the West See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India Islands .

Cloves as they come into the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market have a deep See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown colour, a powerfully fragrant odour, and a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste too hot and acrid to be pleasant . When pressed with the nail they exude a volatile oil with which they are charged to the unusual See also:

• PRO

pro-portion of about 18 % . The oil is obtained as a commercial product by submitting the cloves with See also:

• WATER

water to repeated See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation . It is, when new and properly prepared, a pale yellow or almost colourless fluid, becoming after some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of a brown colour; and it possesses the odour and taste See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to cloves . The essential oil of cloves—the Oleum Caryophylli of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PHARMACOPOEIA (lit. the art of the OapµaK07robbs, or drug-compounder)

Pharmacopoeia—is a mixture of two substances, one of which is oxidized, whilst the other is not . See also:

• EUGENOL (allyl guaiacol, eugenic acid), C10H1202

Eugenol, or eugenic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, C10H1202, is the chief constituent . It is capable of forming definite salts . The other constituent is a hydro-See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon C15H24, of which the distilling point differs from that of eugenol, and which solidifies only with intense See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . Oil of cloves is readily soluble in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether, and has a specific gravity of about 1.055 . Its dose is 1-3 minims . Besides this oil, cloves also contain two neutral bodies, eugenin and caryophyllin, the latter of which is an isomer of camphor . They are of .no See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical importance .

The British Pharmacopoeia contains an infusion of cloves (Infusum Caryophylli), of which the strength is 1. part in 40 of boiling water and the dose z-1 oz . Cloves are employed principally as a condiment in culinary operations, in See also:

• CONFECTIONERY (from Lat. confectio, conficere, compound)

confectionery, and in the preparation of See also:

• LIQUEURS

liqueurs . In See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine they are tonic and carminative, but they are little used except as adjuncts to other substances on account of their flavour, or with purgatives to prevent See also:

• NAUSEA (from Gr. vain, a ship)

nausea and griping . The essential oil forms a convenient See also:

• MEDIUM

medium for using cloves for flavouring purposes, it possesses the medicinal properties characteristic of a volatile oil, and it is frequently employed to relieve toothache . Oil of cloves is regarded by many dental surgeons as the most effective See also:

• LOCAL

local anaesthetic they possess in cases where it is desired, before cutting a sensitive tooth for the purpose of filling it, to See also:

• LOWER

lower the sensibility of the dentine . For this purpose the cavity must be exposed to See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool saturated with the oil for about ten days .