CNOSSUS  , Knossos, or GNOSSUS, an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Caeratus, a small stream which falls into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . The city was situated about 3 M. from the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and, according to the old traditions, was founded by See also:

• MINOS

Minos, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Crete . The locality was associated with a number of the most interesting legends of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, particularly with those which related to See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter, who was said to have been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, to have been married, and to have been buried in the vicinity . Cnossus was also assigned as the site of the See also:

• LABYRINTH (Gr. Xa(3vpcvOos, Lat. labyrinthus)

labyrinth in which the See also:

• MINOTAUR (Gr. Mcvcn -avpos, from Mews, and Taps, bull)

Minotaur was confined . The truth behind these legends has been revealed in See also:

• RECENT

recent years by the excavations of Dr See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans . As the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical city was peopled by See also:

• DORIANS

Dorians, the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, customs and See also:

• POLITICAL

political institutions of its inhabitants were all Dorian . Along with See also:

• GORTYNA, or GORTYN

Gortyna and Cydonia, it held for many years the supremacy over the whole of Crete; and it always took a prominent See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars which from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time desolated the island . When the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Crete See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman dominion, Cnossus shared the same See also:

• FATE

fate, and became a Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony . See also:

• AENESIDEMUS

Aenesidemus, the sceptic philosopher, and See also:

• CHERSIPHRON

Chersiphron, the architect of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• DIANA

Diana at See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, were natives of Cnossus . The Site.—As the excavations at Cnossus are discussed at length in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article CRETE, it must suffice here briefly to enumerate the more important . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• BUILDING

building is the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, the so-called " See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Minos," the excavation of which by See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur Evans See also:

• DATES

dates from 1900: a number of rooms lying See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the central paved See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, oriented north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, have been identified, among them being the See also:

• THRONE

throne-See also:

• ROOM

room with some well-preserved See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall paintings and a small bathroom attached, in the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter a larger bathroom and a See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine, and residential See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers in the south and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . The latter part of the palace is composed of a number of private rooms and halls, and is especially remarkable for its skilful drainage and See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply systems .

In 1907 excavations on the south side of the palace showed that the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was still incomplete, and a See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern cryptoporticus, and outside it a large south-west building, probably an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, were discovered . Of See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest was a huge circular cavity under the southern See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch into which the sub-structures of the palace had been sunk . This cavity was filled with rubbish, sherds, &c., the latest of which was found to date as far back as the beginning of the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Minoan See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and the later See also:

• WORK

work of 1908 only proved (by means of a small See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft sunk through the debris) that the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor was 52 ft. below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . The first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reach the floor by a cutting in the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-side proved abortive, but the operations of 1910 led to a successful result . The cavity proved to be a great See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir approached by a rock-cut See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase and of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Minoan date . In 1904-1905 a paved way See also:

• RUNNING

running due west from the middle of the palace was excavated, and found to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to another building described as the "Little Palace" largely buried under an See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove . The first excavations showed that this building was on the same See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general plan and belonged to the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period as the " House of Minos," though somewhat later in actual date (17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C.) . Large halls, which had subsequently been broken up into smaller apartments, were found, and among a great number of other See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic remains one See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal-impression of special interest showing a one-masted See also:

• SHIP

ship carrying a thorough-bred See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse—perhaps representing the first importation of horses into Crete . A remarkable shrine with fetish idols was also discovered . The sacred See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

Double-See also:

• AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

Axe See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol is prominent, as in the greater palace . By the end of 1910 the excavation of this smaller palace was practically completed . It was found to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover an See also:

• AREA

area of more than 9400 ft. with a frontage of more than 13o ft., and See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

hart rive See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone staircases .

One See also:

• OBJECT

object of special interest found in the course of excavation is a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black steatite See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . The modelling is of a very high See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and the one See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye which remains perfect is cut out of rock crystal, with the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil and See also:

• IRIS

iris marked by See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours applied to the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the crystal . The work of excavation in the palace has been complicated by the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of propping up walls, floors and staircases . In some instances it has been found necessary to replace the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original wooden pillars by pillars of stone . Again in the " See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's See also:

• MEGARON

Megaron " in the east wing of the Great Palace it was found that the exposure of the remains to the violent extremes of Cretan See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather must soon prove fatal to them . It was therefore decided to restore the columns and part of the wall, and to roof over the whole area . For recent excavations see R . M . Burrows, The Discoveries in Crete (1907); A . Mosso, The Palaces of Crete (1907); See also:

• LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS (1736-1813)

Lagrange, La Crete ancienne (1908) ; Dr . Evans's reports in The Times, Oct . 31, 1905, See also:

• JULY

July 15, 1907, Aug .

27, 1908, and 1909 (See also:

• INDEX

Index) ; D . See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, Cretan Palaces .