See also:

• COCA, or CUCA (Erythroxylon coca)

COCA, or CUCA (Erythroxylon coca)  , a plant of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Erythroxylaceae, the leaves of which are used as a stimulant in the western countries of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America?' It resembles a blackthorn See also:

• BUSH

bush, and grows to a height of 6 or 8 ft . The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a lively See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green tint, are thin, opaque, See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, more or less tapering at the extremities . ' Garcilasso de la See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing of the plant, says that it is called cuca by the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, See also:

• COCA, or CUCA (Erythroxylon coca)

coca by the Spaniards; and See also:

• FATHER

Father Blas Valera states that the leaves are called cuca both by Indians and Spaniards (The Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, 1609–1617; trans. by C . R . See also:

• MARKHAM, GERVASE (or JERVIS) (1568?-1637)
• MARKHAM, MRS
• MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT (183o- )
• MARKHAM, WILLIAM (1719-1807)

Markham, See also:

• HAKLUYT, RICHARD (c. 1553—1616)

Hakluyt See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1871) . See also, on the name cuca, Chrid'tison, Brit . Med . Journ., See also:

• APRIL

April 29, 1876, p . 527 . A marked characteristic of the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal curved lines one on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the leaf . See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good samples of the dried leaves are uncurled, are of a deep green on the upper, and a See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey-green on the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• SURFACE

surface, and have a strong See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea-like odour; when chewed they produce a sense of warmth in the mouth, and have a pleasant, pungent See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . See also:

• BAD, BCD

Bad specimens have a camphoraceous See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell and a brownish See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and lack the pungent taste .

The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are small, and disposed in little clusters on See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white petals, the anthers are See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart-shaped, and the See also:

• PISTIL

pistil consists of three carpels See also:

• UNITED

united to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a three-chambered ovary . The flowers are succeeded by red berries . The seeds are sown in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December and See also:

• JANUARY

January in small plots (almacigas) sheltered from the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• PLANTS

plants when from r 2 to 2 ft. in height are placed in holes (aspi), or, if the ground is level, in furrows (uachos) in carefully-weeded See also:

• SOIL

soil . The plants thrive best in hot, See also:

• DAMP

damp situations, such as the clearings of forests; but the leaves most preferred are obtained in drier localities, on the sides of hills . The leaves are gathered from plants varying in See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age from one and a See also:

• HALF

half to upwards of See also:

• FORTY

forty years . They are considered ready for plucking when they break on being See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent . The first and most abundant See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest is in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, after the rains ; the second is at the end of See also:

• JUNE

June, the third in See also:

• OCTOBER

October or See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . The green leaves (matu) are spread in thin layers on coarse woollen cloths and dried in the sun; they are then packed in sacks, which, in order to preserve the quality of the leaves, must be kept from damp . In the See also:

• KEW

Kew Bulletin for January 1889 is an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany of the plant, which has been so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long under cultivation in South America that its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home is doubtful . As the result of this cultivation numerous forms have arisen . The writer distinguishes from the typical Peruvian form with pointed leaves a variety novo-granatense, from New See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada, which has smaller leaves with a rounded See also:

• APEX

apex . The plant is now cultivated in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, See also:

• JAVA

Java and elsewhere .

It has been estimated that coca is used by about 8,000,000 of the human See also:

• RACE

race, being consumed in See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia, See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador, See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia and Rio See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro . In Peru the Indians carry a leathern pouch (the chuspa or huallqui) for the leaves, and a See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of pulverized unslaked See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, or a preparation of the ashes of the quinoa plant (See also:

• CHENOPODIUM

Chenopodium Quinoa), called llipta or llucta . Three or four times a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day labour is suspended for chacchar or acullicar, as the mastication of coca is termed . The leaves, deprived of their stalks, are chewed and formed into a See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball (acullico) in the mouth; a small quantity of the lime or llipta is then applied to the acullico to give it a proper relish . Two or three ounces of coca are thus daily consumed by each See also:

• INDIAN

Indian . Coca was used by the Peruvian Indians in the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times . It was employed as an offering to the sun, or to produce See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke at the See also:

• GREAT

great sacrifices; and the priests, it was believed, must chew it during the performance of religious ceremonies, otherwise the gods would not be propitiated . Coca is still held in superstitious veneration among the Peruvians, and is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the See also:

• VEINS

veins of ore, if masticated and thrown upon them . The See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of different specimens of coca leaves is very inconstant . Besides the important See also:

• ALKALOID

alkaloid See also:

• COCAINE, C17H21NO4

cocaine (q.v.), occurring to the extent o: about 0.2% in fresh specimens, there are several other alkaloids . The preparations of coca leaves are incompatible with certain drugs which might often be prescribed in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with them, such as salts of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury, menthol and See also:

• MINERAL

mineral acids, which latter decompose cocaine into benzoic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and See also:

• ECGONINE

ecgonine . Coca leaves and preparations of them have no See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• ACTION

action .

Internally their action is similar to that of See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium, though some-what less narcotic, and causing a See also:

• DILATATION (from Lat. dis-, distributive, and lotus, wide)

dilatation of the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye instead of a contraction . When masticated, the leaves first cause a tingling in the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth, owing to a stimulation of the nerves of See also:

• COMMON

common sensation, and then abolish taste owing to a See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis of the terminals of the gustatory nerves . They have a definite anaesthetic action upon the mucous membrane of the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach, from which there come in large See also:

• PART

part those organic sensations which we interpret as See also:

• HUNGER

hunger . Hence it is possible, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of coca, to go without See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food or consciousness of needing it, for as long a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period as three days . The See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug is not a food, however, as its composition and history in the See also:

• BODY

body clearly show, and the individual who comfortably fasts under its influence nevertheless shows all the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical signs of See also:

• STARVATION

starvation, such as loss of See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . In small doses coca stimulates the intestinal peristalsis and thus is an aperient, but in large doses it paralyses the See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular coat of the bowel, causing See also:

• CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation, such as is constantly seen in cocomaniacs, and in those inhabitants of Peru and the adjacent countries who take it in excess or are markedly susceptible to its influence . The injection of coca leaves has a very remarkable effect upon the higher tracts of the See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous See also:

• SYSTEM

system—an effect curiously contrary to that produced by their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief ingredient upon the peripheral parts of the nervous apparatus . The See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is, at any See also:

• RATE

rate subjectively, enhanced in marked degree . In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of extended experiments in psychological laboratories, such as have been conducted with See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, it is not possible to say whether the apparent enhancement of the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect is an objectively demonstrable fact . The physical power is unquestionably increased, such muscular exercises as are involved in ascending mountains being made much easier after the chewing of an See also:

• OUNCE

ounce or so of these leaves . Excess in coca-chewing leads in many cases to great bodily wasting, mental failure, See also:

• INSOMNIA

insomnia, weakness of the circulation and extreme See also:

• DYSPEPSIA (from the Gr. prefix Sur-, hard, ill, and 'irirreiv, to digest)

dyspepsia . For other pharmacological characters and the therapeutic employments of coca see COCAINE .