COCHINEAL  , a natural dye-stuff used for the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet, See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange and other tints, and for the preparation of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake and See also:

• CARMINE

carmine . It consists of the See also:

• FEMALES

females of Coccus cacti, an See also:

• INSECT

insect of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Coccidae of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

Hemiptera, which feeds upon various See also:

• SPECIES

species of the Cactaceae, more especially the nopal plant, See also:

• OPUNTIA

Opuntia coccinellifera, a native of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico and See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru . The dye was introduced into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe from Mexico, where it had been in use See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the entrance of the Spaniards in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1518, and where it formed one of the See also:

• STAPLE

staple tributes to the See also:

• CROWN

crown for certain districts . In 1523 See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes received instructions from the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to procure it in as large quantities as possible . It appears not to have been known in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy so See also:

• LATE

late as the year 1548, though the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing then flourished there . See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• VAN

van Drebbel, at See also:

• ALKMAAR

Alkmaar, first employed cochineal for the production of scarlet in 1650 . Until about 1725 the belief was very prevalent that cochineal was the See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed of a plant, but Dr See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LISTER, JOSEPH LISTER
• LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712)

Lister in 1672 conjectured it to be a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• KERMES (Arab. girmiz; see CRIMSON)

kermes, and in 1703 Antony van See also:

• LEEUWENHOEK, or LEUWENHOEK, ANTHONY VAN (1632–1723)

Leeuwenhoek ascertained its true nature by aid of the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope . Since its introduction cochineal has sup-planted kermes (Coccus ilicis) over the greater See also:

• PART

part of Europe . The male of the cochineal insect is See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• SIZE

size of the See also:

• FEMALE

female, and, unlike it, is devoid of nutritive apparatus; it has long See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white wings, and a See also:

• BODY

body of a deep red See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, terminated by two diverging setae . The female is apterous, and has a dark-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown piano-See also:

• CONVEX

convex body; it is found in the proportion of 150 to 200 to one of the male insect . The dead body of the See also:

• MOTHER

mother insect serves as a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection for the eggs until they are hatched . Cochineal is now furnished not only by Mexico and Peru, but also by See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain .

It is collected thrice in the seven months of the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The See also:

• INSECTS

insects are carefully brushed from the branches of the See also:

• CACTUS

cactus into bags, and are then killed by See also:

• IMMERSION (Lat. immersio, dipping),

immersion in hot See also:

• WATER

water, or by exposure to the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, or the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of an See also:

• OVEN (O. Eng. of n,Ger. Ofen, cf. Gr. Irvin, oven)

oven—much of the variety of See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in the commercial See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article being caused by the mode of treatment . The dried insect has the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of irregular, fluted and See also:

• CONCAVE

concave grains, of which about 70,000 go to a See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound . Cochineal has a musty and bitterish See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . There are two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal varieties—See also:

• SILVER

silver cochineal, which has a greyish-red colour, and the furrows of the body covered with a white See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom or See also:

• FINE

fine down; and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black cochineal, which is of a dark reddish brown, and destitute of bloom . Granilla is an inferior kind, gathered from uncultivated See also:

• PLANTS

plants . The best See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop is the first of the season, which consists of the unimpregnated females; the later crops contain an admixture of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young insects and skins, which contain proportionally little colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter . The black variety of cochineal is sometimes sold for silver cochineal by shaking it with powdered See also:

• TALC

talc or heavy-spar; but these adulterations can be readily detected by means of a See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

lens . The See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom on imported cochineal was repealed in 1845 . Cochineal owes its tinctorial See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to the presence of a sub-stance termed cochinealin or carminic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, C17H1801o, which may be prepared from the aqueous decoction of cochineal .