COIN  Bwnamst Q /- Pi -aa- , See also:

• RAP

rapµ ~. e Y av~s oh I• ._ Ptstan' v G ne v~ e,1 . 7 r N,,71 g a G .. ;* an o°:w r F G° Ij + ri'tob~ .. t ~wes o.w : Cartes ',.:•tt8 See also:

• RC(:N•OH)R'-RC(OH)

rc(ripe, I •:., ;L'A~ 'l'1K \ ~' 1ti1°n.0o t• -~~'I~• t "9 .// °' e°s See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Scale. t:a.$$o.000 . ob a ~' A =~~~v h,qt~ ~~~ C v,e0to_ sGtO° o nglish See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles 2z P l?;" a~ aY=tk•1..:04 ~o~w- n ,QO--e ~ '1 • ~• a~ gd ,;~ia' Jel_°ti5~g~~eJ~— 0.Frances: I! a Cr?2G , [} teti `y yc0°s 3" a `~ o t 20 yo do B it, y!t ao9.o ? ~ G Qa °o \lho°°o1 o See also:

• ALE

ale of Pines ' ..Cis°t tee 11{ \1 1 . ~'.• A ~ ... Ise . 00Qo at4ppea Jj3ry pP .i as .t e Q,,}~ ~~ y 1 ,e f5 qJ a See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear ~Qr90 •s e A e . ° °te° Q r 4 3 °Ja r7 t yyI•° ~~ a o"F p rn v ` y~ See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

CUBA il' ` aP T4 . , +r :wT A~See also:

• A4(Z)

a4` L4?, e9°00so.,, Ce °\o o~~Pi~ G aChnayabo r ~r r co. oa°ep ,.Manzantl#A yK ` s See also:

• ATE

ate' See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea• jl, See also:

• ENGLISH

English Miles s . o m . . .

$o too t$o Ch C.See also:

• SANTA

Santa ear .. ~3• c~ ~, 'O . See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

Capital.: .. See also:

• HAVANA (the name is of aboriginal origin; Span. Habana or, more fully, San Cristobal de la Habana)

Havana Capitals of Prooinces e R 8 :o ~`~4 ~a E A N °~°moo E A See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways -+- 84° 8s° See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

Longitude See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West 8o°of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich 78° 76 eauryw.tltaru . A remarkable feature of the Cuban See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast is the number of excellent anchorages, roadsteads and harbours . On the N. See also:

• SHORE

shore, beginning at the W., See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia Honda, Havana, See also:

• MATANZAS

Matanzas, See also:

• CARDENAS (San Juan de Dios de Cardenas)

Cardenas, Nuevitas and Nipe; and on the S. shore See also:

• RUNNING

running westward See also:

• GUANTANAMO

Guantanamo, See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago and See also:

• CIENFUEGOS (originally FERNANDINA DE JAGUA)
• CIENFUEGOS, NICASIO ALVAREZ DE (1764–1809)

Cienfuegos, are harbours of the first class, several of them among the best of the See also:

• WORLD

world . Mariel, Cabanas, Banes, Sagua la Grande and See also:

• BARACOA

Baracoa on the N., and See also:

• MANZANILLO

Manzanillo, Santa Cruz, Batabanb and See also:

• TRINIDAD

Trinidad on the S. are also excellent ports or anchorages . The See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar pouch-shape of almost all the harbours named (Matanzas being a marked exception) greatly increases their See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security and defensibility . These pouch harbours are probably "drowned " drainage basins . The number of small bays that can be utilized for coast See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic is extraordinary . In popular See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language the different portions of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island are distinguished as the Vuelta Abajo (" See also:

• LOWER

lower turn "), W. of Havana; the Vuelta Arriba (" upper turn "), E. of Havana to Cienfuegos—Vuelta Abajo and Vuelta, Arriba are also used colloquially at any point in the island to mean " See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east " and " west "—See also:

• LAS

Las Cinco Villas—i.e . See also:

• VILLA

Villa See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara, Trinidad, See also:

• REMEDIOS, or SAN JUAN DE LOS REMEDIOS

Remedios, Cienfuegos and Sancti Spiritus—between Cienfuegos and Sancti Spiritus; and Tierra Adentro, referring to the region between Cienfuegos and See also:

• BAYAMO

Bayamo .

These names are extremely See also:

• COMMON

common . The See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province and See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Puerto Principe are officially known as Camaguey, their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• INDIAN

Indian name, which has practically supplanted the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish name in See also:

• LOCAL

local usage . Five topographic divisions of the island are fairly marked . Santiago (now See also:

• ORIENTE, OR LA REGION ORIENTALE

Oriente) province is high and mountainous . Camaguey is characterized by See also:

• ROLLING

rolling, open plains, slightly broken, especially in the W., by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low mountains . The E. See also:

• PART

part of Santa Clara province is decidedly rough and broken . The W. part, with the provinces of Matanzas and Havana, is See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and rolling, with occasional hills a few See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred feet high . Finally, Pinar del Rio is dominated by a prominent See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range and by outlying See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

piedmont hills and mesas . There are mountains in Cuba from one end of the island to the other, but they are not derived from any central See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass and are not continuous . As just indicated there are three distinctively mountainous districts, various See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups lying outside these . The three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main systems are known in Cuba as the occidental, central and See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental . The first, the See also:

• ORGAN

Organ mountains, in Pinar del Rio, rises in a sandy, marshy region near Cape See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio .

The See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest runs near the N. shore, leaving various flanking spurs and foothills, and a coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain which at its greatest breadth on the S. is some 20 M. wide . The plain on the N. is narrower and higher . The southernslope is smooth, and abounds in creeks and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . The portion of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern plain between the bays of See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes and Majana is the most famous portion of the Vuelta Abajo See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco region . The mountain range is capriciously broken at points, especially near Bejucal . The highest part is the See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan de Guajaib6n, near Bahia Honda, at the W. end of the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain; its See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude has been variously estimated from 2500 to 1950 ft . The central See also:

• SYSTEM

system has two wings, one approaching the N. coast, the other covering the island between Sancti Spiritus and Santa Clara . It comprehends a number of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent groups . The highest point, the See also:

• PICO

Pico Potrerillo, is about 2900 ft. in altitude . The summits are generally well rounded, while the lower slopes are often steep . Frequent broad intervals of low upland or low level plain extend from See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to sea between and around the mountains . Near the coast runs a continuous See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of plantations, while grazing, tobacco and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• FARM

farm lands See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the lower slopes of the hills, and virgin forests much of the uplands and mountains .

The oriental mountain region includes the province of Oriente and a portion of Camaguey . In extent, in altitude, in mass, in complexity and in See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• INTEREST

interest, it is much the most important of the three systems . Almost all the mountains are very bold . They are imperfectly known . There are two main ranges, the Sierra Maestra, and a See also:

• LINE

line of various groups along the N. shore . The former runs from Cape Santa Cruz eastward along the coast some 125 M. to beyond the See also:

• RIVER

river Baconao . The Sierra de Cobre, a part of the system in the vicinity of Santiago, has a general See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of about 3000 ft . See also:

• MONTE

Monte Turquino, 7700-8320 ft. in altitude, is the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of the island . Gran Piedra rises more than 5200 ft., the Ojo del See also:

• TORO

Toro more than 3300, the See also:

• ANVIL (from Anglo-Saxon anfilt or onfilti, either that on which something is " welded " or " folded," cf. German falzen, to fold, or connected with other Teutonic forms of the word, cf. German amboss, in which case the final syllable is from " beat," and

Anvil de Baracoa is somewhat lower, and Pan de Matanzas is about 1267 ft . The western portions of the range rise abruptly from the ocean, forming a bold and beautiful coast . A multitude of ravines and gullies, filled with torrential streams or dry, according to the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of the See also:

• YEAR

year, and characterized by many beautiful cascades, seam the narrow coastal plain and the flanks of the mountains . The spurs of the central range are a highly intricate complex, covered with dense forests of superb See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods .

Many points are inaccessible, and the scenery is See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild in the extreme . The mountains beyond Guantanamo are locally known by a variety of names, though topographically a continuation of the Sierra Maestra . The same is true of the chains that coalesce with these near Cape Maisi and diverge northwesterly along the N. coast of the island . The general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of this See also:

• NORTHERN

northern marginal system is much the same as that of the southern, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save that the range is much less continuous . A dozen or more groups from Nipe in the E. to the coast N. of Camaguey in the W. are known only by individual names . The range near Baracoa is entremely wild and broken . The region between the lines of the two coastal systems is a much dissected See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, imperfectly explored . The Cauto river, the only one flowing E. or W. and the largest of Cuba, flows through it westward to the southern coast near Manzanillo . The scenery in the oriental portion of the island is very beautiful, with wild mountains and tropical forests . In the central part there are extensive prairies . In the west there are swelling hills and See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle valleys, with the royal See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm the dominating See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree . The valley of the Yumuri, near Matanzas, a small circular See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin crossed by a river that issues through a glen to the sea, is perhaps the most beautiful in Cuba .

A very peculiar feature of Cuba is the abundance of caverns in the See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone deposits that underlie much of the island's See also:

• SURFACE

surface . The caves of Cotilla near Havana, of Bellamar near Matanzas, of Monte Libano near Guantanamo, and those of San Juan de los Remedios, are the best known, but there are scores of others . Many streams are " disappearing," part of their course being through underground tunnels . Thus the Rio San Antonio suddenly disappears near San Antonio de los Banos; the cascades of the Jatibonico del Norte disappear and reappear in a surprising manner; the See also:

• MOA

Moa cascade (near Guantanamo) drops 300 ft. into a cavern and its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters later reissue from the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth; the Jojo river disappears in a See also:

• GREAT

great " sink" and later issues with violent current at the edge of the sea . The springs of fresh See also:

• WATER

water that bubble up among the keys of the S. coast are also supposedly the outlets of underground streams . The number of rivers is very great, but almost without exception their courses are normal to the coast, and they are so See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short as to be of but slight importance . The Cauto river in Oriente province is exceptional; it is 250 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, and navigable by small vessels for about 75 M . Inside the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar at its mouth (formed by a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm in 1616) See also:

• SHIPS

ships of 200 tons can still ascend to Cauto . In Camaguey province the Jatibonico del Sur; in Oriente the Salado, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Cauto; in Santa Clara the Sagua la Grande (which is navigable for some 20 M. and has an important traffic), and the Damuji; in Matanzas, the Canimar; and in Pinar del Rio the Cuyaguateje, are important streams . The water-parting in the four central provinces is very indefinite . There are few river valleys that are noteworthy—those of the Yumuri, the Trinidad and the See also:

• GUINES

Guines . At Guantanamo and Trinidad are other valleys, and between Mariel and Havana is the See also:

• FINE

fine valley of Ariguanabo .

Of lakes, there are a few on the coast, and a very few in the mountains . The finest is See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Ariguanabo, near Havana, 6 sq. m. in See also:

• AREA

area . Of the almost innumerable river cascades, those of the Sierra Maestra Mountains, and in particular the Moa cascade, have already been mentioned . The See also:

• GUAM (Span. Guajan; Guahan, in the native Chamorro)

Guam& cascade in Oriente province and the Hanabanilla Fall near Cienfuegos (each more than 300 ft. high), the See also:

• ROSARIO

Rosario Fall in Pinar del Rio, and the Almendares cascade near Havana, may also be mentioned . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The foundationrof the island is formed of metamorphic and igneous rocks, which appear in the Sierra Maestra and are ex-posed in other parts of the island wherever the comparatively thin covering of later beds has been worn away . A more or less continuous See also:

• BAND

band of See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine belonging to this See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series forms the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, although it nowhere rises to any great height . It is in this band that the greater part of the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Cuba is situated . These See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient rocks have hitherto yielded no fossils and their See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age is therefore uncertain, but they are probably pre-Cretaceous at least . Fossiliferous Cretaceous limestones containing Rudistes have been found in several parts of the island (Santiago de los Banos, Santa Clara province, &c.) . At the See also:

• BASE

base there is often an arkose, composed largely of fragments of serpentine and See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite derived from the ancient See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor . At Esperanza and other places in the Santa Clara province, bituminous plant-bearing beds occur beneath the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary limestones, and at Baracoa a Radiolarian earth occupies a similar position . The latter, like the similar deposits in other West Indian islands, is probably of Oligocene age .

It is the Tertiary limestones which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the predominant feature in the geology of Cuba . Although they do not exceed loon ft. in thickness, they probably at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time covered the whole island except the summits of the Sierra Maestra, where they have been observed, resting upon the older rocks, up to a height of 2300 ft . They contain See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals, but are not See also:

• CORAL

coral reefs . The shells which have been found inthem indicate that they belong for the most part to the Oligocene See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . They are frequently very much disturbed and often strongly folded . Around, the coast there is a raised shelf of limestone which was undoubtedly a coral See also:

• REEF (1)

reef . But it is of See also:

• RECENT

recent date and does not attain an elevation of more than 40 or 50 ft . Minerals are fairly abundant in number, but few are See also:

• PRESENT

present in sufficient quantity to be industrially important . Traditions of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver, dating from the time of the Spanish See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, still endure, but these metals are in fact extremely rare . Oriente province is distinctively the mineral province of the island . Large See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper deposits of peculiar richness occur here in the Sierra de Cobre, near the city of Santiago; and both See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese are abundant . Besides the deposits in Oriente province, iron is known to exist in considerable amount in Camaguey and Santa Clara, and copper in Camaguey and Pinar del Rio provinces .

The iron ores See also:

• MINED

mined at Daiquiri near Santiago are mainly See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich hematites running above 6o % of iron, with very little See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur or See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus admixture . The copper deposits are mainly in well-marked fracture planes in serpentine; the ore is See also:

• PYRRHOTITE

pyrrhotite, with or without chalcopyrite . Manganese occurs especially along the coast between Santiago and Manzanillo; the best ores run above 50 % . See also:

• CHROMIUM (symbol Cr. atomic weight 52.1)

Chromium and a number of other rare minerals are known to exist, but probably not in commercially available quantities . Bituminous products of every grade, from clear translucent See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils resembling See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum and refined See also:

• NAPHTHA

naphtha, to See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite-like substances, occur in all parts of the island . Much of the bituminous deposits is on the dividing line between See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt and See also:

• COAL

coal . There is an endless amount of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, very little of which is hard enough to be See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good for See also:

• BUILDING

building material, the greatest part being a soft coralline limestone . The best buildings in Havana are constructed of a very rich See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white limestone, soft and readily worked when fresh, but hardening and slightly darkening with age . There are extensive and valuable deposits of beautiful See also:

• MARBLES

marbles in the Isle of Pines, and lesser ones near Santiago . The Organ Mountains contain a hard See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue limestone; and sandstones occur on the N. coast of Pinar del Rio province . See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

Clays of all qualities and See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours abound . Mineral waters, though not yet important in trade, are extremely abundant, and a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of places in Cuba and the Isle of Pines are already known as See also:

• HEALTH

health resorts .

Those near San Diego, See also:

• GUANABACOA (an Indian name meaning " site of the waters ")

Guanabacoa and Santa Maria del Rosario (near Havana) and Madruga (near Gaines) are the best known . The See also:

• SOIL

soil of the island is almost wholly of See also:

• MODERN

modern formation, mainly alluvial, with superficial limestones as another prominent feature . In the original formation of the island volcanic disturbances and coral growth played some part; but there are only very slight superficial evidences in the island of former volcanic activity . See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

Note-worthy earthquakes are rare . They have been most common in Oriente province . Those of 1776, 1842 and 1852 were particularly destructive, and of earlier ones those of 1551 and 1624 at Bayamo and of 1578 and 1678 at Santiago . Every year there are seismic disturbances, and though Santiago is the 'point of most frequent visitation, they occur in all parts of the island, in 188o affecting the entire western end . Notable seismic disturbances in Cuba have coincided with similar activity in Central See also:

• AMERICA

America so often as to make some connexion apparent . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The tropical See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and humidity of Cuba make possible a flora of splendid richness . All the characteristic See also:

• SPECIES

species of the West Indies, the Central See also:

• AMERICAN

American and Mexican and southern See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida seaboard, and nearly all the large trees of the Mexican tropic belt, are embraced in it . As many as 3350 native flowering species were catalogued in 1876 . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of species of the island flora was estimated in 1892 by a writer in the Revista Cubana (vol. xv. pp .

5-16) to be between 5000 and 6000, but hardly one-third of this number had then been gathered into a See also:

• HERBARIUM, or HORTUS

herbarium, and all parts of the island had not then been explored . It was estimated officially in 1904 that the wooded lands of the island comprised 3,628,434acres, of which one-third were in Oriente province, another third ' in Camaguey, and hardly any in Havana province . Much of this area is of primeval See also:

• FOREST

forest; somewhat more than a third of the total, belonging to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, was opened to See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale (and speculative exspoliation) in 1904 . The woods are so dense over large districts as to be impenetrable, except by cutting a path See also:

• FOOT

foot by foot through the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close network of vines and undergrowth . The jagtiey (Ficus sp.), which stifles in its See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant coils the greatest trees of the forest, and the copei (Clusia rosea) are remarkable parasitic lianas . Of the palm there are more than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty species . The royal palm is the most characteristic tree of Cuba . It attains a height of from 5o to 75 ft., and sometimes of more than See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft . Alone, or in groups, or in long aisles, towering above the plantations or its See also:

• FELLOW

fellow trees of the forest, its beautiful crest dominates every landscape . Every portion, from its roots to its leaves, serves some useful purpose . From it the native draws See also:

• LUMBER

lumber for his hut, utensils for his See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen, See also:

• THATCH (O.E. thaec; the word is common to many Teutonic languages in the sense of " roof," " cover "; cf. Du. dak, Ger. Dach; from Du. dekken comes " deck "; the Indo-European root is stag, whence Gr. or.yos, roof, Lat. tegere, to cover; the French equiva

thatch for his roof, medicines, preserved delicacies, and a long See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of other articles . The corojo palm (Cocos crispa) rivals the royal palm in beauty and utility; oil, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, drink and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood are derived from it .

The coco palm (Cocos nucifera) is also put to varied uses . The See also:

• MANGO

mango is planted with the royal palm along the avenues of the plantations . The beautiful ceiba (Bombax ceiba L., Ceiba pentandra) or See also:

• SILK

silk See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton tree is the giant of the Cuban forests; it often grows to a height of loo to 15o ft. with enormous girth . The royal pinon (Erythrina velatina) is remarkable for the magnificent See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers that cover it . The See also:

• TAMARIND

tamarind and See also:

• BANYAN, or BANIAN (an Arab corruption, borrowed by the Portuguese from the Sanskrit vanij, " merchant ")

banyan are also noteworthy . Utilitarian trees and See also:

• PLANTS

plants are See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion . There are at least See also:

• FORTY

forty choice See also:

• CABINET

cabinet and building woods . Of these, ebonies, See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany (for the See also:

• BIRD

bird's-See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye variety such enormous prices are paid as $12oo to $1800 per thousand See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board-feet), culls (or cuya, Bumelia retusa), cocullo (cocuyo, Bumelia See also:

• NIGRA, COSTANTINO, COUNT (1828-1907)

nigra), ocuje (Callophyllum viticifolia, Ornitrophis occidentalis, O. cominia), jigiie (jique, Lysilonia sabicu), mahagua (Hibiscus tiliaceus), granadillo (Brya ebenus), icaquillo (Licania incania) and agua-baria (Cordia gerascanthes) are perhaps the most beautiful . Other woods, beautiful and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious, include guayacan (See also:

• GUAIACUM

Guaiacum sanctum), baria (varfa, Cordia gerascanthoides)—the fragrant, hard-wood Spanish See also:

• ELM

elm—the quiebra-hacha (Copaifera hymenofolia), which three are of wonderful lasting qualities; the jiquf (Malpighia obovata), acana (Achras disecta, Bassia albescens),. caigaran (or caguairan, Hymenaea floribunda), and the dagame (Calicophyllum candidissimum), which four, like the culler, are all wonderfully resistant to humidity; the caimatillo (Chrysophyllum oliviforme), the yaya (or yayajabico, yayabito: Erythalis fructicosa, Bocagea virgata, Guateria virgata, Asimina Blaini), a magnificent construction wood; the maboa (Cameraria latifolia) and the jocuma (jocum: Sideroxylon mastichodendron, Bumelia saticifolia), all of individual beauties and qualities . Many species are rich in gums and resins; the calambac, See also:

• MASTIC, or MASTICH (Gr. µao-rixrt, probably connected with µaoavOai, to chew, since mastic is used in the East as a chewing gum)

mastic, See also:

• COPAL (Mexican copalli, incense)

copal, See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, &c . Many others are oleaginous, among them, peanuts, See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-flowers, the bene See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed (See also:

• SESAME

sesame), corozo, See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond and palmachristi . Others (in addition to some already mentioned) are medicinal; as the palms, See also:

• CALABASH (from the Span. calabaza, a gourd or pumpkin, possibly derived from the Pers. kharlunza, a melon)

calabash, manchineel, See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper, See also:

• FUSTIC (Fr. fusloc, from Arab. fustuq, Gr. =rw-r&Krl, pistachio) YELLOW

fustic and a long list of cathartics, caustics, See also:

• EMETICS (from Gr. inerucos, causing vomit)

emetics, astringents, febrifuges, vermifuges, diuretics and tonics .

Then, too, there are various dyewoods; See also:

• ROSEWOOD

rosewood, See also:

• LOGWOOD (so called from the form in which it is imported)

logwood (or campeachy wood), See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, inanajfi (Garcinia See also:

• MORELIA (formerly Valladolid)

Morelia), See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil-wood and See also:

• SAFFRON (Arab. za'faran)

saffron . Textile plants are extremely common . The majagua tree grows as high as 40 ft.; from its bark is made cordage of the finest quality, which is scarcely affected by the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere . Strong, fine, glossy See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres are yielded by the See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic See also:

• RAMIE (RHEA, CHINA-GRASS)

ramie (Boehmeria nivea), whose fibre, like that of the majagua, is almost incorruptible; by the See also:

• MAYA

maya or See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat-pineapple (Bromelia Pinguin), and by the daquilla (or daiguiya—Lagetta lintearia, L. valenzuelana), which like the maya yields a brilliant, flexible product like silk; stronger cordage by' the corojo palms, and various henequen plants, native and exotic (especially See also:

• AGAVE

Agave americana, A . Cubensis) ; and various plantains, the exotic Sansevieria guineensis, okra, jute, Laportea, various lianas, and a great variety of reeds, See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply varied textile materials of the best quality . The See also:

• YUCCA

yucca is a source of See also:

• STARCH

starch . For building and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous purposes, in addition to the rare woods above named, there are. cedars (used in great quantities for See also:

• CIGAR

cigar boxes) ; the See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, found only in the W., where it gives its name to the Isle of Pines and the province of Pinar del Rio; various palms; oaks of varying hardness and See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, &c . The number of alimentary plants is extremely great . Among economic plants should be mentioned the See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, cacao, citron, See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon, cocoanut and See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber tree . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat, Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, and many vegetables, especially tuberous, are particularly important . See also:

• PLANTAIN (Lat. plantago)

Plantain occurs in several varieties; it is in part a cheap and healthful substitute for See also:

• BREAD

bread, which is also made from the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• CASSAVA

cassava, after the See also:

• POISON

poison is extracted . The sweet cassava yields See also:

• TAPIOCA (a native Brazilian word)

tapioca .

Bread-trees are fairly common, but are little cared for . White and sweet potatoes, yams, sweet and bitter yuccas, See also:

• SAGO

sago and okra, may also be mentioned . Fruits are varied and delicious . The pineapple is the most favoured by Cubans . Four or five See also:

• ANNUAL

annual crops grow from one plant, but not more than three can be marketed, unless locally, as the product deteriorates . The better (" purple ") varieties are mainly consumed in the island, and the smaller. and less juicy " white " varieties exported . The tamarind is everywhere . Bananas are grown particularly in the region about Nipe, See also:

• GIBARA, or JIBARA

Gibara and Baracoa, whence they are exported in large quantities, though there is a tendency to lessen their culture in these parts in favour of sugar . Mangoes, though exotic, are extremely common, and in the E. grow wild in the forests . They are the favourite See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of the negroes . Oranges are little cultivated, although they offer apparently almost unlimited' possibilities; their culture decreased steadily after 1880, but after about 1900 was again greatly extended . Lemons yield continuously through the year, but like oranges, not much has yet been done with them commercially .

Pomegranates are as universally used in Cuba as apples in the See also:

• UNITED

United . States . See also:

• FIGS

Figs and grapes degenerate in Cuba . See also:

• DATES

Dates grow better, but nothing has been done with them . The Coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut palm is most abundant in the vicinity of Baracoa . Among the common fruits are various anonas-the custard See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple (Anone cherimolia), sweet-sop (A. squamosa), sour-sop (A. muricata), mamon(A. reticulata), and others,—the See also:

• STAR

star-apple (Chrysophyllum cainito, C. pomiferum), See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose-apple (Eugenia jambes),' pawpaw, the sapodilla (Sapota achras), the caniste (Sapota Elongata), jagua (Genipa americana), See also:

• ALLIGATOR (Spanish el lagarto, " the lizard ")

alligator See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear (Persea gratissima), the yellow mammee (Mammal americana) and so-called '` red mammee " (Lucuma mammosa) and limes . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The fauna of Cuba, like the flora, is still imperfectly known . Collectively it shows long See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation from the other See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles . Only two See also:

• LAND

land mammals are known to be indigenous . One is the hutfa (See also:

• AGOUTI

agouti) or Cuban rat, of which three species are known (Capromys Fournieri, C. melanurus and C . Poey) . It lives in themost solitary woods, especially in the eastern hills .

The other is a peculiar insectivore (Solenodon paradoxus), the only other representatives of whose See also:

• FAMILY

family are found in See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar . Various animals, apparently indigenous, that are described by the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early historians of the conquest, have disappeared . An Antillean See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit is very abundant . Bats in prodigious See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, and some of them of extraordinary See also:

• SIZE

size, inhabit the many caves of the island; more than twenty species are known . Rats and mice, especially the guayabita (See also:

• MUS

Mus musculus) , an extremely destructive rodent, are very abundant . The manatee, or sea-cow, frequents the mouths of rivers, the sargasso drifts, and the regions of submarine fresh-water springs off the coast . Horses, asses, cows, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, goats, See also:

• SWINE

swine, See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs were introduced by the early Spaniards . The last three are common in a wild state . Deer are not native, and are very rare ; a few live in the swamps . Of birds there are more than 200 indigenous species, it is said, and migratory species are also numerous . Waders are represented by more than fifty species . Vultures are represented by only one species, the See also:

• TURKEY

turkey See also:

• BUZZARD

buzzard, which is the universal See also:

• SCAVENGER

scavenger of the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, and until recent years even of the cities, and has always been protected by See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom and the See also:

• LAWS

Laws of the Indies .

Falcons are represented by a score of species, at least, several of them nocturnal . Kestrels are common . The gallinaceous See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order is rich in Columbidae . Trumpeters are notably represented, and climbers still more so . Among the latter are species of curious habits and remarkable colouring . Woodpeckers (Coloptes auratus), macaws, parrakeets and other small parrots, and trogons, these last of beautifullyresplendent plumage, deserve particular mention . The Cuban mocking-bird is a wonderful songster . Of humming-birds there are said to be sixty species, probably only one indigenous . Of the other birds See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere mention may be made of the wild See also:

• PIGEON

pigeon, See also:

• RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

raven, indigo-bird, English See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady-bird and See also:

• LINNET, O

linnet . See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

Reptiles are numerous . Many tortoises are notable . The See also:

• CROCODILE

crocodile and cayman occur in the swampy littoral of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south .

Of lizards the See also:

• IGUANA

iguana (Cyclura caudata) is noteworthy . Chameleons are common . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes are not numerous, and it is said that none is poisonous or vicious . There is one enormous See also:

• BOA

boa, the maja (Epicrates angulifer), which feeds on pigs, goats and the like, but does not molest See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Fishes are present in even greater variety than birds . Felipa Poey, in his Ictiologia Cubana, listed 782 species of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and crustaceans, of which 105 were doubtful; but more than one-See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder were first described by Poey . The fish of Cuban waters are remarkable for their metallic colourings . The largest species are found off the northern coast . See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

Food fishes are relatively not abundant, presumably because the deep sea escarpments of the N. are unfavourable to their See also:

• LIFE

life . See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

Shell fish are unimportant . Two species of See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind fish, of extreme scientific interest, are found 'in the caves of the island . Of the " percoideos " there are many genera .

Among the most important are the robalo (Labrax), an exquisite food fish, the See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny, See also:

• EEL

eel, Spanish sardine and mangua . Of the sharks the genus Squalus is represented by individuals that grow to a length of 26 to 30 ft . The See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head attains a See also:

• WEIGHT

weight at times of 600 lb . The saw-fish is common . Of fresh-water fish the lisa, dogro, guayacon and viajocos (Chromis fuscomaculatus) are possibly the most noteworthy . Molluscs are extraordinarily numerous; and many, both of water arid land, are rarities among their See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind for size and richness of colour . Of crustaceans, land-crabs are remarkable for size and number . Arachnids are prodigiously numerous . See also:

• INSECT

Insect life is abundant and beautiful . The bite of the See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

scorpion and of the numerous See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders produces no serious effects . The nigua, the Cuban jigger, is a pest of serious consequence, and the mal de nigua (jigger sickness) some-times causes the See also:

• DEATH

death of lower animals and men . 'See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand-flies and biting gnats are lesser nuisances .

See also:

• LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera are very brilliant in' colouring . The cucujo or Cuban See also:

• FIREFLY

firefly (See also:

• PYROPHORUS (Gr. 7rup, fire, 4 perv, to bear)

Pyrophorus noctilucus) gives out so strong a See also:

• LIGHT

light that a few of them serve effectively as a See also:

• LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern . The Stegomyia See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

mosquito is the See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of yellow See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever inoculati