CADWALLADER

COLDEN (1688–1776)  , American physician and colonial official, was born at Duns, Scotland, on the 17th of February 1688 . He graduated at the university of Edinburgh in 1705, spent three years in London in the study of medicine, and emigrated to America in 1708 . After practising medicine for ten years in Philadelphia, he was invited to settle in New York by Governor Hunter, and in P718 was appointed the first surveyor-general of the colony . Becoming a member of the provincial council in 1720, he served for many years as its president, and from 1761 until his death was lieutenant-governor; for a considerable part of the time, during the interim between the appointment of governors, he was acting-governor . About 1755 he retired from medical practice . As early as 1729 he had built a country house called Coldengham on the line between Ulster and Orange counties, where he spent much of his time until 1761 . Aristocratic and extremely conservative, he had a violent distrust of popular government and a strong aversion to the popular party in New York . Naturally he came into frequent conflict with the growing sentiment in the, colony in opposition to royal taxation . He was acting-governor when in 1765 the stamped paper to be used under the Stamp Act arrived in the port of New York ; a mob burned him in effigy in his own coach in Bowling Green, in sight of the enraged acting-governor and of General Gage; and Colden was compelled to surrender the stamps to the city council, by whom they were invading host, and Montrose with the Covenanters in 164o . Of the Cistercian priory, founded about 1165 by Cospatric of Dunbar, and destroyed by the 1st earl of Hertford in 1545, which stood a little to the east of the present market-place, no trace remains; but for nearly four hundred years it was a centre of religious fervour . Here it was that the papal legate, in the reign of Henry VIII., published a bull against the printing of the Scriptures; and by the irony of fate its site was occupied in the 19th century by an establishment, under Dr Adam Thomson, for the production of cheap Bibles . At Coldstream General Monk raised in 1659 the celebrated regiment of Foot Guards bearing its name .

Like Gretna Green, Coldstream

long enjoyed a notoriety as the resort of runaway couples, the old toll-house at the bridge being the usual scene of the marriage ceremony . " Marriage House," as it is called, still exists in good repair . Henry Brougham, afterwards lord chancellor, was married in this clandestine way, though in an inn and not at the bridge, in 1821 . Birgham, 3 M. west, was once a place of no small importance, for there in 1188 William the Lion conferred with the bishop of Durham concerning the attempt of the English Church to impose its supremacy upon Scotland; there in 1289 was held the convention to consider the question of the marriage of the Maid of Norway with Prince Edward of England; and there, too, in 1290 was signed the treaty of Birgham, which secured the independence of Scotland . Seven miles below Coldstream on the English side, though 6 m. north-east of it, are the massive ruins of Norham Castle, made famous by Scott's Marmion, and horn the time of its building by Ranulph Flambard in 1121 a focus of Border history during four centuries .