See also:

• COLMAR, or KOLMAR

COLMAR, or KOLMAR  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the imperial See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, formerly the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Haut-Rhin in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, on the Logelbach and Lauch, tributaries of the See also:

• ILL

Ill, 40 M . S.S.W. from See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of railway to See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel . Pop . (1905) 41,582 . It is the seat of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for Upper Alsace, and of the supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for Alsace-Lorraine . The town is surrounded by pleasant promenades, on the site of the old fortifications, and has numerous narrow and picturesque streets . Of its edifices the most remarkable are the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, known also as the See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, dating from the 13th and 14th centuries, the Lutheran parish church (15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), the former Dominican monastery (1232-1289), known as "Unterlinden" and now used as a museum, the Kaufhaus (See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall) of the ,5th century, and the handsome government offices (formerly the Prefecture) . See also:

• COLMAR, or KOLMAR

Colmar is the centre of considerable textile See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, comprising See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, and has important manufactures of sewing See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread, See also:

• STARCH

starch, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar and machinery . See also:

• BLEACHING

Bleaching and See also:

• BREWING

brewing are also carried on, and the neighbourhood is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in vineyards and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-gardens . The considerable trade of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is assisted by a chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Imperial See also:

• BANK

Bank (Reichsbank) . Colmar (probably the See also:

• COLUMBARIUM (Lat. columba, a dove)

columbarium of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans) is first mentioned, as a royal See also:

• VILLA

villa, in a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the Pious in 823, and it was here that See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

Fat held a See also:

• DIET

diet in 884 . It was raised to the status of a town and surrounded with walls by Wolfelin, See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate (Landvogt) of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. in Alsace, a masterful and ambitious See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, whose accumulated See also:

• WEALTH

wealth was confiscated by the emperor in 1235, and who is said to have been murdered by his wife lest her portion should also be seized .

In 1226 Colmar became an imperial See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and the civic rights (Stadtrecht) conferred on it in 1274 by See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg became the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for those of many other cities . Its civic See also:

• HISTORY

history is much the same as that of other See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval towns: a struggle between the democratic See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds and the aristocratic " families," which ended in 1347 in the inclusion of the former in the governing See also:

• BODY

body, and in the ,7th century in the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete exclusion of the latter . In 1255 Colmar joined the See also:

• LEAGUE

league of Rhenish cities, and in 1476 and 1477 took a vigorous See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the struggle against Charles the Bold . In 1632, during the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, it was taken by the Swedes, and in 1635 by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, who held it till after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia (1649) . In 1673 the French again occupied it and dismantled the fortifications . In 1681 it was formally annexed to France by a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of Louis XIV.'s Chambre de See also:

• REUNION

Reunion, and remained French till 1871, when it passed with Alsace-Lorraine to the new See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . See " Annalen and Chronik von Kolmar," German See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, G . H . See also:

• PABST, FREDERICK (1836-1904)

Pabst, in Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit (2nd ed., G . See also:

• WATTENBACH, WILHELM (1819–1897)

Wattenbach, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1897) ; Sigmund Billing, Kleine Chronik der Stadt Kolmar (Colmar, 1891); See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

Hand, Kolmar vor and wahrend seiner Entwickelung zur Reichssladt (Strassburg, 1899) ; J . Liblin, Chronique de Colmar, 58—1400 (See also:

• MULHAUSEN (Fr. Mulhouse)

Mulhausen, I867—1868); T . F .

X . Hunkler, Gesch. der Stadt Kolmar (Colmar, 1838) . For further references see Ulysse See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier, Repertoire See also:

• DES

des See also:

• SOURCES

sources . Topobibliographie (See also:

• MONTBELIARD

Montbeliard, 1894—1899) ; and Waltz, Bibliographie de la ville de Colmar (Mulhausen, 1902) .