COLOQUINTIDA See also:

• COLOQUINTIDA COLOCYNTH

COLOCYNTH  Or See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

BITTER See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

APPLE, Citrullus Colocynthis, a plant of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• CUCURBITACEAE

Cucurbitaceae . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are unisexual; the male blossoms have five stamens with sinuous anthers, the See also:

• FEMALE

female have reniform stigmas, and an ovary with three large fleshy placentas . The See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit is See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, and about the See also:

• SIZE

size of an See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange; it has a thick yellowish rind, and a See also:

• LIGHT

light, spongy and very bitter pulp, which yields the See also:

• COLOCYNTH, COLOQUINTIDA

colocynth of druggists . The seeds, which number from 260 to 300, and are disposed in See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical rows on the three parietal placentas of the fruit, are See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and ovoid and dark-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown; they are used as See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food by some of the tribes of the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, and a coarse oil is expressed from them . The pulp contains only about 3.5 % of fixed oil, whilst the seeds contains about 15% . The foliage resembles that of the See also:

• CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus, Fr. concombre, O. Fr. coucombre, whence the older English spelling and pronunciation " cowcumber," the standard in England up to the beginning of the 18th century)

cucumber, and the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root is perennial . The plant has a wide range, being found in See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the Grecian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, the Cape Verd Islands, and the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The See also:

• TERM

term pakkuoth, translated "See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild gourds" in 2 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings iv . 39, is thought to refer to the fruit of the colocynth; but, according to Dr See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf See also:

• CELSIUS, ANDERS (1701-1744)

Celsius (1670-1756), a See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish theologian and naturalist, it signifies a plant known as the squirting cucumber, Ecbalium See also:

• ELATERIUM

Elaterium . The commercial colocynth consists of the peeled and dried fruits . In the preparation of the See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug, the seeds are always removed from the pulp . Its active principle is an intensely bitter amorphous or crystalline See also:

• GLUCOSIDE

glucoside, colocynthin, CaH54O23, soluble in See also:

• WATER

water, See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether and See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, and decomposable by acids into See also:

• GLUCOSE (from Gr. - twais, sweet)

glucose and a See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin, colocynthein, C40H54013 .

Colocynthein also occurs as such in the drug, together with at least two other resins, citrullin and colocynthiden . Colocynthin has been used as a hypodermic purgative—a class of drugs practically non-existent, and highly to be desired in numberless cases of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy . The dose recommended for hypodermic injection is fifteen minims of a 1 % See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution in See also:

• GLYCERIN, GLYCERINE

glycerin . The See also:

• BRITISH

British Pharmacopeia contains a See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract of colocynth, which no one ever uses; a compound pill—dose 4 to 8 grains—in which oil of See also:

• CLOVES

cloves is included in order to relieve the griping caused by the drug; and the Pilula Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami, which contains 2 parts of the compound pill to i of extract of hyoscyamus . This is by far the best preparation, the hyoscyamus being added to prevent the See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain and griping which is attendant on the use of colocynth alone . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official dose of this pill is 4 to 8 grains, but the most effective and least disagreeable manner in which to obtain its See also:

• ACTION

action is to give four two-See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain pills at intervals of an See also:

• HOUR

hour or so . In See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute doses colocynth acts simply as a bitter, but is never given for this purpose . In See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary doses it greatly increases the secretion of the small See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine and stimulates its See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular coat . The See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall-See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder is also stimulated, and the biliary See also:

• FUNCTION

function of the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver, so that colocynth is both an excretory and a secretory cholagogue . The action which follows hypodermic injection is due to the See also:

• EXCRETION (Lat. ex, out of, cernere, cretum, to separate)

excretion of the drug from the See also:

• BLOOD

blood into the alimentary See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal . Though colocynth is a drastic hydragogue cathartic, it is desirable, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, to supplement its action by some drug, such as aloes, which acts on the large intestine, and a sedative must always be added . Owing to its irritant properties, the drug must not be used habitually, but it is very valuable in initiating the treatment of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple chronic See also:

• CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation, and its pharmacological properties obviously render it especially useful in cases of hepatitis and congestion of the liver .

Colocynth was known to the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and Arabic physicians; and in an Anglo-Saxon herbal of the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . (Cockayne, Leechdoms, &c., vol. i. p .