See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and archiepiscopal see of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the Prussian See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, a fortress of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and one of the most important commercial towns of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Pop . (1885) 239,437; (1900) 370,685; (1905) 428,503, of which about 8o% are See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics . It lies in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a vast semicircle on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Rhine, 44 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east from See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle, 24 See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east from See also:

• DUSSELDORF

Dusseldorf and 57 north-north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west from See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz . Its situation on the broad and navigable Rhine, and at the centre of an extensive network of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, giving it See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication with all the important cities of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, has greatly fostered its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, while its See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close proximity to the beautiful scenery of the Rhine, has rendered it a favourite tourist resort . When viewed from a distance, especially from the See also:

• RIVER

river, the city, with its See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval towers and buildings, the whole surmounted by the majestic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, is picturesque and imposing . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient walls and ditches, which formerly environed the city, were dismantled between 1881 and 1885, and the site of the old fortifications, bought from the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government by the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality, were converted into a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

boulevard, the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

Ring, nearly 4 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Beyond the Ring, about m. farther out, a new continuous See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall fortifications, with outlying clusters of earthworks and forts, has since been erected; loon acres, now occupied by handsome streets, squares and two public parks, were thus added to the inner See also:

• TOWN

town, almost doubling its See also:

• AREA

area . See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne is connected by See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges with the suburb of See also:

• DEUTZ (anc. Divitio)

Deutz . Within the See also:

• OUTER

outer municipal boundary are included (besides Deutz) the suburbs of Bayenthal, Lindenthal, Ehrenfeld, Nippes, Sulz, Bickendorf, Niehl and See also:

• POLL

Poll, protected by another widely extended circle of detached forts on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Rhine . Of the former city See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates four have been retained, restored and converted into museums: the Severin See also:

• GATE

gate, on the south, contains the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the natural See also:

• HISTORY

history museum; the Hahnen gate, on the west, is fitted as the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and antiquarian museum of the city; and the Eigelstein gate, on the north, accommodates the zoological section of the natural history museum . Cologne, with the tortuous, narrow and dark streets and lanes of the old inner town, is still regarded as one of the least attractive See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital cities of Germany; but in See also:

• MODERN

modern times it has been greatly improved, and the evil smells which formerly characterized it have yielded to proper sanitary arrangements .

The most important squares are the Domhof, the Heumarkt, Neumarkt, Alte Markt and Waidmarkt in the old inner, and the Hansa-platz in the new inner town . The long Hohe-strasse of the old town is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief business See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street . The cathedral or Dom, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal edifice and chief See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• INTEREST

interest in Cologne, is one of the finest and purest monuments of See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in Europe (for See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, &c. see ARCHITECTURE: Romanesque and- Gothic in Germany) . It stands on the site of a cathedral begun about the beginning of the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by Hildebold, See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Cologne, and finished under Willibert in 873 . This structure was ruined by the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans, was rebuilt, but in 1248 was almost wholly destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• PRESENT

present cathedral was then laid by See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad of Hochstaden (See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop from 1288 to 1261) . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original plan of the See also:

• BUILDING

building has been attributed to See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard von Rile (d. c . 1295) . In 1322 the new See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir was consecrated, and the bones of the Three See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings were removed to it from the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place they had occupied in the former cathedral . After Conrad's See also:

• DEATH

death the See also:

• WORK

work of building advanced but slowly, and at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation it ceased entirely . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 19th century the repairing of the cathedral was taken in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in 1842 the building of fresh portions necessary for the completion of the whole structure was begun, and on the 15th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 188o the edifice, finally finished, was opened in the presence of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I. and all the reigning See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German princes . The cathedral, which is in the form of a See also:

• CROSS

cross, has a length of 48o, and a breadth of 282 ft.; the height of the centralaisle is 154 ft.; that of each of the towers 511 ft .

The heaviest of the seven bells (Kaiserglocke), See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast in 1874 from the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French guns, weighs 543 cwt., and is the largest and heaviest See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell that is See also:

• RUNG

rung . In the choir the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of See also:

• MARIE

Marie de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici is buried; and in the adjoining See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side-chapels are monuments of the founder and other archbishops of Cologne, and the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of the Three Kings, which is adorned with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones . The three kings of Cologne (Kaspar, Melchior and Balthazar) were supposed to be the three See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise men who came from the East to pay See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration to the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ; according to the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, the emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I . See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa brought their bones from See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan in 1162, and had them buried in Cologne cathedral, and miraculous See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of healing were attributed to these See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics . The very numerous and richly-coloured windows, presented at various times to the cathedral, add greatly to the imposing effect of the interior . The view of the cathedral has been much improved by a clearance of the old houses on the Domhof, including the archiepiscopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, but the new See also:

• HOF

Hof, though flanked by many fine buildings, is displeasing owing to the intrusion of numerous modern palatial hotels and shops . Among the other churches of Cologne, which was fondly styled in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the "Lholy city " (heilige Stadi) and " German See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome," and, according to legend, possessed as many sacred fanes as there are days in the See also:

• YEAR

year, are several of interest both for their See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and for the monuments and See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art they contain . In St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's are the famous See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar-piece by See also:

• RUBENS, PETER PAUL (1577-164o)

Rubens, representing the Crucifixion of St Peter, several works by See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas See also:

• VAN

van See also:

• LEYDEN, JOHN (1775-1811)

Leyden, and some old German See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-paintings . St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's, built between the loth and 12th centuries, has a fine See also:

• BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

baptistery; St Gereon's, built in the lrth century on the site of a Roman rotunda, is noted for its mosaics, and glass and oil-paintings; the Minorite See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, begun in the same year as the cathedral, contains the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• DUNS

Duns Scotus . Besides these may be mentioned the church of St Pantaleon, a 13th-century structure, with a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• THEOPHANO (c. 956–991)

Theophano, wife of the emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto II.; St Cunibert, in the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine-Moorish See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, completed in 1248; St Maria See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Capitol, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest church in Cologne, dedicated in 1049 by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo IX., noted for its See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt, See also:

• ORGAN

organ and paintings; St See also:

• CECILIA, SAINT

Cecilia, St See also:

• URSULA, ST

Ursula, containing the bones of that See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint and, according to legend, of the 11,000 See also:

• ENGLISH

English virgins massacred near Cologne while on a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to Rome; St Severin, the church of the Apostles, and that of St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew (1220 and 1414), which contains the remains of Albertus See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus in a gilded shrine . Most of these, and also many other old churches, have been completely restored . Among newer ecclesiastical buildings must be mentioned the handsome Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic church in Deutz, completed in 1896, and a large See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue, in the new town west of the Ring, finished in 1899 .

Among the more prominent See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings are the Gurzenich, a former See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of the diets of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman Empire, built between 1441 and 1447, of which the ground See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor was in 1875 converted into a stock See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, and the upper See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, capable of accommodating 3000 persons, is largely utilized for public festivities, particularly during the time of the See also:

• CARNIVAL (Med. Lat. carnelevarium, from taro, tarns, flesh, and levare, to lighten or put aside; the derivation from valere, to say farewell, is unsupported)

Carnival: the Rathaus, dating from the 13th century, with beautiful See also:

• GOBELIN

Gobelin tapestries; the Tempelhaus, the ancestral seat of the patrician See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Overstolzens, a beautiful building dating from the 13th century, and now the chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce; the Wallraf-Richartz Museum, in which is a collection of paintings by old See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and Dutch masters, together with some works by modern artists; the Zeughaus, or See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, built on Roman See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations; the Supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court for the Rhine provinces; the See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office (1893); the Imperial Bank (Reichsbank); and the municipal library and archives . The Wolkenburg, a fine Gothic See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the 15th century, originally a patrician See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, was restored in 1874, and is now the headquarters of the famous men's choral society of Cologne (Kolner Mannergesangverein) . A handsome central railway station (high level), on the site of the old station, and close to the cathedral, was built in ,88o–1894 . The railway to See also:

• BONN

Bonn and the Upper Rhine now follows the line of the ceinture of the new inner fortifications, and on this section there are thw city stations in addition to the central . Like all important German towns, Cologne contains many fine monuments . The most conspicuous is the See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal equestrian statue (22s ft. high) of Frederick William III. of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in the Heumarkt . There are also monuments to See also:

• MOLTKE, ADAM GOTTLOB, COUNT (1710-1792)
• MOLTKE, ADAM WILHELM, COUNT (1785-1864)
• MOLTKE, HELMUTH CARL BERNHARD, COUNT VON (1800-1891)

Moltke (1881), to See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Johann von See also:

• WERTH [WEERT], JOHANN, COUNT VON (c. 1595-1652)

Werth (1885), the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, and to See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck (1879) . Near the cathedral is an archiepiscopal museum of church antiquities . Cologne is richly endowed with See also:

• LITERARY

literary and scientific institutions . It has an See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, a commercial high school, a theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, four Gymnasia (classical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools), numerous See also:

• LOWER

lower-grade schools, a conservatory of See also:

• MUSIC

music and several high-grade ladies' colleges . Of its three theatres, the municipal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre (Stadttheater) is famed for its operatic productions . Commercially, Cologne is one of the chief centres on the Rhine, and has a very important trade in See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• MINERAL

mineral ores, coals, drugs, dyes, manufactured wares, groceries, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and hides, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain and many other commodities .

A large new See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, with spacious quays, has been constructed towards the south of the city . In 1903, the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic of the See also:

• PORT

port amounted to over one million tons . Industrially, also, Cologne is a place of high importance . Of the numerous manufactures, among which may be especially mentioned See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and cigars, the most famous is the perfume known as eau de Cologne (q.v.) (Kolnisches Wasser, i.e . Cologne-See also:

• WATER

water) . Of the See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers published at Cologne the most important is the Kolnische Zeitung (often referred to as the " Cologne See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette "), which has the largest circulation of any See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in Germany, and See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . It must be distinguished from the Kolnische Volkszeitung, which is the organ of the Clerical party in the Prussian Rhine provinces . History.—Cologne occupies the site of Oppidum Ubiorum, the chief town of the Ubii, and here in A.D . 5o a Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, Colonic, was planted by the emperor See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of his wife See also:

• AGRIPPINA

Agrippina, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the place . After her it was named Colonia Agrippina or Agrippinensis . Cologne See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to be the chief town of Germania Secunda, and had the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of the See also:

• JUS

Jus Italicum . Both See also:

• VITELLIUS, AULUS

Vitellius and See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan were at Cologne when they became emperors .

About 330 the city was taken by the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks but was not permanently occupied by.them till the 5th century, becoming in 475 the residence of the Frankish See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Childeric . It was the seat of a pagus or See also:

• GAU, JOHN (c. 1495–? 1553)

gau, and See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Cologne are mentioned in the 9th century . The See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of bishops in Cologne is traceable, except for a See also:

• GAP

gap covering the troubled 5th century, from A.D . 313, when the see was founded . It was made the metropolitan see for the bishoprics of the Lower Rhine and part of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia by See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, the first archbishop being Hildebold, who occupied the see from 785 to his death in 819 . Of his successors one of the most illustrious was See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• BRUNO, GIORDANO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

Bruno (q.v.), See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the emperor Otto I., archbishop from 953 to 965, who was the first of the archbishops to exercise temporal See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, and was also " See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke " of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . The territorial See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the archbishops was already great when, in 118o, on the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of the Saxon duchy, the duchy of Westphalia was assigned to them . In the 11th century they became ex-officio See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-chancellors of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (see ARCH-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

CHANCELLOR), and by the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull of 1356 they were finally placed among the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors (Kurfiirsten) of the Empire . With Cologne itself, a See also:

• FREE

free imperial city, the archbishop-electors were at perpetual See also:

• FEUD

feud; in 1262 the archiepiscopal see was transferred to Briihl, and in 1273 to Bonn; it was not till 1671 that the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel was finally adjusted . The archbishopric was secularized in 18o1, all its territories on the left bank of the Rhine being annexed to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; in 1803 those on the right bank were divided up among various German states; and in 1815 by the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, the whole was assigned to Prussia_ The last archbishop-elector, See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, died in 18o1 . In Archbishop Hildebold's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day Cologne was still contained by the square of its Roman walls, within which stood the cathedral and the newly-founded church of St Maria (known later as " im Capitol "); the city was, however, surrounded by a ring of churches, among which those of St Gereon, St Ursula, St Severin and St Cunibert were conspicuous . In 881 Normanpirates, sailing up the Rhine, took and sacked the city; but it rapidly recovered, and in the 11th century had become the chief trading centre of Germany .

Early in the 12th century the city was enlarged by the inclusion of suburbs of Oversburg; Niederich and St Aposteln; in 118o these were enclosed in a permanent rampart which, in the 13th century, was strengthened with the walls and gates that survived till the 19th century . The municipal history of Cologne is of considerable interest . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general it follows the same lines as that of other cities of Lower Germany and the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . At first the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop ruled through his See also:

• BURGRAVE

burgrave, See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, and nominated jurats (scabini, Schojen) . Then, as the trading classes See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, his jurisdiction began to be disputed; the conjuratio See also:

• PRO

pro libertate of 1112 seems to have been an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to establish a See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune (see COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL) . See also:

• PECULIAR

Peculiar to Cologne, however, was the Richerzeche (rigirzegheide), a See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of all the wealthy See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians, which gradually absorbed in its hands the direction of the city's government (the first See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of its active interference is in 1225) . In the 13th century the archbishops made repeated efforts to reassert their authority, and in 1259 Archbishop Conrad of Hochstaden, by appealing to the democratic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, the " brotherhoods " (fraternitates) of the craftsmen, succeeded in overthrowing the Richerzeche and See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving its members into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . His successor, Engelbert II., however, attempted to overthrow the democratic constitution set up by him, with the result that in 1262 the brotherhoods combined with the patricians against the archbishop, and the Richerzeche returned to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share its authority with the elected " great See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council " (Weiter See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

Rat) . As yet, however, none of the trade or See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, as such, had a share in the government, which continued in the hands of the patrician families, membership of which was necessary even for See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the council and to the parochial offices . This continued long after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Worringen (1288) had finally secured for the city full self-government, and the archbishops had ceased to reside within its walls . In the 14th century a narrow patrician council selected from the Richerzeche, with two burgomasters, was supreme . In 1370 an insurrection of the weavers was suppressed; but in 1396, the See also:

• RULE

rule of the patricians, having been weakened by See also:

• INTERNAL

internal dissensions, a bloodless revolution led to the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a comparatively democratic constitution, based on the organization of the trade and craft gilds, which lasted with but slight modification till the French Revolution .

The greatness of Cologne, in the middle ages as now, was due to her trade . Wine and See also:

• HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

herrings were the chief articles of her commerce; but her weavers had been in repute from time immemorial, and exports of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth were large, while her gold-smiths and armourers were famous . So early as the 11th century her merchants were settled in See also:

• LONDON

London, their colony forming the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the See also:

• STEELYARD, MERCHANTS OF THE

Steelyard . When, in 1201, the city joined the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League (q.v.) its power and repute were so great that it was made the chief place of a third of the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation . In spite of their feuds with the archbishops, the burghers of Cologne were stanch Catholics, and the number of the magnificent medieval churches left is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence at once of their piety and their wealth . The university, founded in 1389 by the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole efforts of the citizens, soon gained a great reputation; in the 15th century its students numbered much more than a thousand, and its influence extended to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and the Scandinavian kingdoms . Its decline began, however, from the moment when the Catholic sentiment of the city closed it to the influence of the Reformers; the number of its students sank to vanishing point, and though, under the influence of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, it subsequently revived, it never recovered its old importance . A final See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow was dealt it when, in 1777, the enlightened archbishop Maximilian Frederick (d . 1784) founded the university of Bonn, and in 1798, amid the confusion of the revolutionary See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, it ceased to exist . The same intolerance that ruined the university all but ruined the city too . It is difficult, indeed, to blame the burghers for resisting the dubious reforming efforts of See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann of Wied, archbishop from 1515 to 1546, inspired mainly by secular ambitions; but the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews in 1414, and still more the exclusion, under Jesuit influence, of Protestants from the right to acquire citizenship, and from the magistracy, dealt severe blows at the prosperity of the place . A variety of other causes contributed to its decay: the opening up of new trade routes, the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual ossification of the gilds into close and corrupt corporations, above all the See also:

• WARS

wars in the Netherlands, the Thirty Years' War, and the Wars of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Succession .

When in 1794 Cologne was occupied by the French, it was a poor and decayed city of some 40,000 inhabitants, of whom only 6000 possessed civic rights . When, in 18os, by the treaty of See also:

• LUNEVILLE

Luneville, it was incorporated in France, it was not important enough to be more than the chief town of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement . On the death of the last elector in ,8o, the archiepiscopal see was left vacant . With the See also:

• ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGNATION, ASSIGNEE

assignment of the city to Prussia by the congress of Vienna in 1815 a new era of prosperity began . The university, indeed, was definitively established at Bonn, but the archbishopric was restored (1821) as part of the new ecclesiastical organization of Prussia, and the city became the seat of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of a governmental See also:

• DISTRICT

district . Its prosperity now rapidly increased; when railways were introduced it became the meeting-place of several lines, and in 1881 its growth necessitated the pushing outward of the circle of fortifications . See L . Ennen, Gesch. der Stadt Koln (5 vols., Cologne, 1863–1880) to 1648, and Frankreich and der Niederrhein (2 vols., ib., 1855, 1856), a history of the city and electorate of Cologne since the Thirty Years' War; R . See also:

• SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN SIGISMUND (1825-1874)

Schultze and C . Steuernagel, Colonia Agrippinensis (Bonn, 1895) ; K . Heldmann, Der Kolngau and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Civitas Koln (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1900) ; L . Korth, Koln im Mittelalter (Cologne, 1890) ; F .

Lau, Entwickelung der kommunalen Verfassung der Stadt Koln bis zum Jahre 1396 (Bonn, 1898) ; K . See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel, Steidle and Gilden der Ermanischen Volker im Mittelalter (2 vols., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1891), H. p . 323; . Keussen, Historiscke Topographie der Stadt Koln im Mittelalter (Bonn, 1906) ; W . Behnke, Aus Kans . Franzosenzeit (Cologne, 1901) ; Helmken, Koln and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Sehenswurdigkeiten (20th ed., Cologne, 1903) . For See also:

• SOURCES

sources see L . Ennen and G . Eckertz, Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Koln (6 vols., Cologne, 186o–1879); later sources will be found in U . See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier, Repertoire See also:

• DES

des sources hist . Topo-bibliographie (See also:

• MONTBELIARD

Montbeliard, 1894-1899), S.V . Cologne, which gives also a full See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of works on everything connected with the city; also in See also:

• DAHLMANN, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1785-186o)

Dahlmann-See also:

• WAITZ, GEORG (1813-1886)
• WAITZ, THEODOR (1821-1864)

Waitz, Quellenkunde (ed .

Leipzig, 1906), p . 17, Nos . 252, 253 . For the archdiocese and electorate of Cologne see Binterim and Mooren, Die Erzdiozese Koln bis zur franzosischen Staatsumwalzung, new ed. by A . Mooren in 2 vols . (Dusseldorf, 1892, 1893) .