COLOMBO  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seaport of See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, situated on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . Pop . (1901) 154,691 . Colombo stands to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the mouth of the See also:

• RIVER

river Kelani . The coast-See also:

• LAND

land is here generally See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying, but broken by slight eminences . The See also:

• GREAT

great artificial See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, enclosed by break-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, is bounded on the south by a slight promontory . This is occupied by the See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city known as the Fort, from the former existence of a fort founded by the Portuguese and reconstructed by the Dutch . In 1869 the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson (afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• ROSMEAD, HERCULES GEORGE ROBERT ROBINSON, 1ST BARON (1824-1897)

Rosmead), obtained authority to demolish the fortifications, which were obsolete for purposes of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and required 6000 men to See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man them properly . The levelling of the walls and filling up of the See also:

• MOAT

moat made the Fort much more accessible and healthy, and since then it has become the business centre of the city . Here are situated See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's713 See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, the governor's See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence; the secretariat or See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices, and other government buildings, such as the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and the customs house . Here also are most of the principal hotels, which have a peculiarly high reputation among See also:

• EUROPEAN

European hotels in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . A lofty See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower serves as the principal lighthouse of the See also:

• PORT

port and also as a See also:

• CLOCK

clock-tower .

On the south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Fort are extensive See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks . The old banqueting-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of the Dutch See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors is used as the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east of the Fort, skirting the harbour, are the Pettah, the principal native quarter, the districts of Kotahena See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant Mutwall, and suburbs beyond . In this direction the principal buildings are the Wolfendahl church, a massive Doric See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Dutch (1749); the splendid See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia (completed in 1904); and St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College (1851), which follows the lines of an See also:

• ENGLISH

English public school . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to this last is the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican cathedral of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ Church . The Kotahena See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Buddhist temple in Colombo . To the north-east of the Fort is the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, a ramifying See also:

• SHEET

sheet of fresh See also:

• WATER

water, which adds greatly to the beauty of the site of Colombo, its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks being clothed with luxuriant foliage and See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . The narrow See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus between this lake and the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, south of the Fort, is called See also:

• GALLE, or POINT DE GALLE

Galle See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

Face, and is occupied chiefly by promenades and recreation grounds . The See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula enclosed by two arms of the Lake is known as Slave Island, having been the site of a slave's See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison under the Dutch . South-east of this is the principal residential quarter of Colombo, with the circular See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park as its centre . To the east of the park a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of parallel roads, named after former See also:

• BRITISH

British governors, are lined with beautiful bungalows embowered in trees . This locality is generally known as the See also:

• CINNAMON

Cinnamon Gardens, as it was formerly a Dutch reserve for the cultivation of the cinnamon See also:

• BUSH

bush; many of which are still growing here .

In the park is the fine Colombo Museum, founded by Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory; and near the neigh-• bouring See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell Park are the handsome buildings of a number of institutions, such as See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley College, and the General, Victoria Memorial See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

Eye and other hospitals . South of Victoria Park is the See also:

• HAVELOCK, SIR HENRY (1795-18J7)

Havelock racecourse . Among educational establishments not hitherto mentioned are the Royal College, the principal government institution, the government technical college and St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's Roman Catholic college . Most of the See also:

• TOWN

town is lighted by See also:

• GAS

gas, and certain quarters with electric See also:

• LIGHT

light, and electric tramways have been laid over several See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of the city roads . The water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill region 30 M. distant . Under British See also:

• RULE

rule Colombo has shared in the prosperity brought to the island by the successive See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee and See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea planting . At the height of the coffee-growing enterprise 20,000 men, See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, chiefly Sinhalese and See also:

• TAMILS

Tamils, found employment in the large factories and stores of the merchants scattered over the town, where the coffee was cleaned, prepared, sorted and packed for shipment . Tea, on the contrary, is pre-pared and packed on the estates; but there is a considerable amount of See also:

• WORK

work still done in the Colombo stores in sorting, blending and repacking such teas as are sold at the See also:

• LOCAL

local public sales; also in dealing with cacao, cardamoms, See also:

• CINCHONA

cinchona bark and the remnant still See also:

• LEFT

left of the coffee See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . But it is to its position as one of the great ports of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of the East that Colombo owes its great and increasing importance . A magnificent break water, 4200 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, the first See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone of which was laid by the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales in 1875, was completed in 1884 . This See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater changed an open roadstead into a harbour completely sheltered on the most exposed or south-west side; but there was still liability in certain months to storms from the north-west and south-east . Two additional arms were therefore constructed, consisting of a north-east and north-west breakwater, leaving two openings, one Boo ft. and the other 700 ft. wide, between the various sections .

The See also:

• AREA

area enclosed is 66o acres . A first-class graving-See also:

• DOCK

dock, of which the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty See also:

• BORE

bore See also:

• HALF

half the cost, has also been added . These improvements caused Galle to be abandoned as a port of call for steamers in favour of Colombo, while See also:

• TRINCOMALEE

Trincomalee has been abandoned as a See also:

• NAVAL

naval station . The port has assumed first-class importance, See also:

• MAIL

mail steamers calling regularly as well as men-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and the See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine of all nations; and it is now one of the finest artificial harbours in the See also:

• WORLD

world . The See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways also has concentrated the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the island upon the capital, and contributed to its rise in prosperity . Colombo was originally known as the Kalantotta or Kalany See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

ferry . By the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs the name was changed to Kolambu, and the town was mentioned by See also:

• IBN

Ibn Batuta in 1346 as the largest and finest in Serendib . In 1517 the Portuguese effected a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, and in 1520 they fortified their port and bade See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance to the native besiegers . In 1586 the town was invested by See also:

• RAJA

Raja Singh, but without success . On its See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture by the Dutch' in 1656 it was a flourishing See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony with convents of five religious orders, churches and public offices, inhabited by no fewer than 900 See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families and 1500 families dependent on mercantile or See also:

• POLITICAL

political occupations . In 1796 it was surrendered to the British .