See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

PHILIP See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

HOWARD See also:

• PHILIP HOWARD COLOMB (1831-1899)

COLOMB (1831-1899)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral, historian, critic and inventor, the son of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General G . T . See also:

• COLOMB, PHILIP HOWARD (1831-1899)

Colomb, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, on the 29th of May 1831 . He entered the See also:

• NAVY

navy in 1846, and served first at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea off See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal in 1847; afterwards, in 1848, in the Mediterranean, and from 1848 to 1851 as See also:

• MIDSHIPMAN

midshipman of the " Reynard " in operations against piracy in See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters; as midshipman and See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate of the " See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

Serpent " during the Burmese See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of 1852-53; as mate of the " See also:

• PHOENIX
• PHOENIX (Gr. 4oivt )

Phoenix " in the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Expedition of 1854; as lieu-See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant of the " See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings " in the Baltic during the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian War, taking See also:

• PART

part in the attack on Sveaborg . He became what was known at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as a " See also:

• GUNNER, or MASTER GUNNER

gunner's See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant " in 1857, and from 1859 to 1863 he served as See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag-lieutenant to See also:

• REAR

rear-admiral See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• PASLEY, SIR CHARLES WILLIAM (178o—1861)

Pasley at See also:

• DEVONPORT
• DEVONPORT, EAST

Devonport . Between 1858 and 1868 he was employed in See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home waters on a variety of See also:

• SPECIAL

special services, chiefly connected with gunnery, signalling and the See also:

• TACTICAL

tactical characteristics and capacities of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam warships . From 1868 to 187o he commanded the " Dryad," and was engaged in the suppression of the slave See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . In 1874, while See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the " Audacious," he served for three years as flag-captain to vice-admiral See also:

• RYDER, ALBERT PINKHAM (1847– )

Ryder in See also:

• CHINA

China; and finally he was appointed, in 1880, to command the " Thunderer " in the Mediterranean . Next See also:

• YEAR

year he was appointed captain of the steam reserve at Ports-mouth; and after serving three years in that capacity, he remained at See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth as flag-captain to the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief until 1886, when he was retired by See also:

• SUPERANNUATION (formed on the basis of " annual," " annuity," from the Late Lat. superannatus, one that has lived beyond the year, super, above, and annus, year, Fr. suranner, to grow very old)

superannuation before he had attained flag See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . Subsequently he became rear-admiral, and finally vice-admiral on the retired See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . Few men of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day had seen more active and more varied service than Colomb . But the real See also:

• WORK

work on which his See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to remembrance rests is the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence he exercised on the thought and practice of the navy .

He was one of the first to perceive the vast changes which must ensue from the introduction of steam into the navy, which would necessitate a new See also:

• SYSTEM

system of signals and a new method of See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics . He set himself to devise the former as far back as 1858, but his system of signals was not adopted by the navy until 1867 . What he had done for signals Colomb next did for tactics . Having first determined by experiment—for which he was given special facilities by the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty—what are the manoeuvring See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• SHIPS

ships propelled by steam under varying conditions of See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed and helm, he proceeded to devise a system of tactics based on these data . In the sequel he prepared a new evolutionary See also:

• SIGNAL

signal-See also:

• BOOK

book, which was adopted by the royal navy, and still remains in substance the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the existing system of tactical evolutions at sea . The same See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of experimental studies led him to conclusions concerning the chief causes of collisions at sea; and these conclusions, though stoutly combated in many quarters at the outset, have since been generally accepted, and were ultimately embodied in the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of regulations adopted by the leading maritime nations on the recommendation of a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington in 1888 . After his retirement Colomb devoted himself rather to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• NAVAL

naval warfare, and to the large principles disclosed by its intelligent study, than to experimental inquiries having an immediate See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical aim . As in his active career he had wrought organic changes in the ordering, direction and See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of fleets, so by his historic studies, pursued after his retirement, he helped greatly to effect, if he did not exclusively initiate, an equally momentous See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the popular, and even the professional, way of regarding sea-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and its conditions . He did not invent the See also:

• TERM

term " sea-power, "—it is, as is shown elsewhere (see SEAPowER), of very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient origin,—nor did he employ it until Captain See also:

• MAHAN, ALFRED THAYER (1840- )

Mahan had made it a See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household word with all . But he thoroughly grasped its conditions, and in his See also:

• GREAT

great work on naval warfare (first published in 1891) he enunciated its principles with great cogency and with keen historic insight . The central See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of his teaching was that naval supremacy is the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition precedent of all vigorous military offensive across the seas, and, conversely, that no vigorous military offensive can be under-taken across the seas until the naval force of the enemy has been accounted for—either destroyed or defeated and compelled to withdraw to the shelter of its own ports, or at least driven from the seas by the menace of a force it dare not encounter in the open . This broad and indefeasible principle he enunciated and defended in See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay after essay, in lecture after lecture, until what at first was rejected as a See also:

• PARADOX (Gr. treat, beyond, contrary to, Sofia, opinion)

paradox came in the end to be accepted as a See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace .

He worked quite independently of Captain Mahan, and his chief conclusions were published before Captain Mahan's See also:

• WORKS

works appeared . He died quite suddenly and in the full See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing of his See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity on the 13th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1899, at See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

Steeple See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court, Botley, Hants . His latest published work was a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of his friend Sir See also:

• ASTLEY, JACOB ASTLEY, BARON (1579-1652)
• ASTLEY, SIR JOHN DIIGDALB

Astley See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

Key, and his last See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article was a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical examination of the tactics adopted at See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar, which showed his acumen and insight at their best . His younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother, SIR See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN COLOMB (1838-1909), was closely associated in the See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer work done for British naval See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy and Imperial See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and his name stands no less high among those who during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period promoted accurate thinking on the subject of sea-power . Entering the Royal See also:

• MARINES (from Lat. mare, sea)

Marines in 1854, he See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to be captain in 1867, retiring in 1869; and thence-forth he devoted himself to the study of naval and military problems, on which he had already published some excellent essays . His books on Colonial Defence and Colonial Opinions (1873), The Defence of Great and Greater See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (1879), Naval Intelligence and the See also:

• PROTECTION

Protection of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce (1881), The Use and the Application of Marine Forces (1883), Imperial Federation: Naval and Military (1887), followed later by other similar works, made him well known among the rising school of Imperialists, and he was returned to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (1886-1892) as Conservative member for See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow, and af terwa rds (1895-1906) for Great See also:

• YARMOUTH
• YARMOUTH (GREAT YARMOUTH)

Yarmouth . In 1887 he was created C.M.G., and in 1888 K.C.M.G . He died in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 27th of May 1909 . In See also:

• KERRY

Kerry, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, he was a large landowner, and became a member of the Irish privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council (1903), and in 1906 he sat on the Royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission dealing with congested districts .