See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

COLUMBUS, See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

CHRISTOPHER [in See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish CRISTOBAL See also:

• COLON
• COLON (formerly known as ASPINWALL)

COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)  was the eldest son of Domenico See also:

• COLOMBO

Colombo and Suzanna Fontanarossa, and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa either about 1446 or in 1451, the exact date being uncertain . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-comber, of some small means, who lived till 1498 . According to the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus by his son See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand (a statement supported by See also:

• LAS

Las Casas), See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher was sent to the university of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, where he devoted himself to See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry and cosmography . Yet, according to the See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral's own statement, he became a sailor at fourteen . Evidently this statement, however, cannot mean the See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of all other employment, for in 1470, 1472, and 1473 we find him engaged in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade at Genoa, following the See also:

• FAMILY

family business of See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, and (in 1473) residing at the neighbouring See also:

• SAVONA

Savona . In 1474–1475 he appears to have visited See also:

• CHIOS

Chios, where he may have resided some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, returning to Genoa perhaps See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1476 . Thence he seems to have again set out on a voyage in the summer of 1476, perhaps See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound for See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; on the 13th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1476, the four Genoese vessels he accompanied were attacked off Cape St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent by a See also:

• PRIVATEER

privateer, one See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume de Casenove, surnamed Coullon or Colornbo (" Columbus "); two of the four See also:

• SHIPS

ships escaped, with Christopher, to See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1476, the latter resumed their voyage to England, probably carrying with them Columbus, who, after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay in England, claims to have made a voyage in thenorthern seas, and even to have visited See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland about See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1477 . This last pretension is gravely disputed, but it is perhaps not to be rejected, and we may also trace the Genoese about this time at See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, at See also:

• GALWAY

Galway, and probably among the islands See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . Soon after this he returned to See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, where (probably in 1478) he married a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of some See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, Felipa Mofiiz de Perestrello, daughter of See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew Perestrello, a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in the service of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the Navigator, and one of the early colonists and first See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• PORTO

Porto Santo . Felipa was also a See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Lisbon at this time (1478) . About 1479 Columbus visited Porto Santo, here as in Portugal probably employing his time in making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and talked with old See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen of their voyages, and of the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery of tie western seas .

About this time, too, if not earlier, he seems to have arrived at the conclusion that much of the See also:

• WORLD

world remained undiscovered, and step by step conceived that See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of reaching See also:

• ASIA

Asia by sailing west which was to result in the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• AMERICA

America . In 1474 he is said to See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

Idea of have corresponded with See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Toscanelli, the Floren- western tine physician and cosmographer, and to have received passage from him valuable suggestions, both by See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map and to Asia. See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, for such a Western enterprise . (The whole of this incident has been disputed by some See also:

• RECENT

recent critics.) He had perhaps already begun his studies in a number of See also:

• WORKS

works, especially the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo and the Imago Mundi of See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre d'See also:

• AILLY, PIERRE

Ailly, by which his cosmographical and See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical conceptions were largely moulded . His views, as finally See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and presented to the courts of Portugal and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, were supported by three See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal lines of See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, derived from natural reasons, from the theories of geographers, and from the reports and traditions of mariners . He believed the world to be a See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere; he under-estimated its See also:

• SIZE

size; he overestimated the size of the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . And the farther that continent extended towards the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, the nearer it came towards Spain . Nor were these theories the only supports of his idea . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• VICENTE, GIL (147o-1540)

Vicente, a Portuguese See also:

• PILOT

pilot, was said to have found, 400 leagues to the westward of Cape St Vincent, and after a See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale of many days' duration, a piece of See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, wrought, but not with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron; Pedro See also:

• CORREA

Correa, Columbus's own See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-law, was said to have seen another such waif at Porto Santo, with See also:

• GREAT

great canes capable of holding four quarts of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine between See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint and joint, and to have heard of two men being washed up at See also:

• FLORES

Flores " very broad-faced, and differing in aspect from Christians." West of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, now and then, men fancied there See also:

• HOVE

hove in sight the mysterious islands of St Brandan, of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, of Antillia or of the Seven Cities . In his See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey, too, some vague and formless traditions may have reached the explorer's See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear of the voyages of Leif Ericson and Thorfinn Karlsefne, and of the coasts of See also:

• MARKLAND, JEREMIAH (1693–1776)

Markland and See also:

• VINLAND (Old Norse, Vinland, i.e. Vineland or Wineland)

Vinland . All were hints and rumours to bid the bold mariner See also:

• SAIL

sail towards the setting See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, and this he at length determined to do . The concurrence of some See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state or See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, however, was necessary for the success of this design . Columbus, on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II. of Portugal, seems to have entered the service of this See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, to have accom- ap esatrot of panied Diego d'Azambuja to the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast, and to have taken See also:

• PART

part in the construction of the famous fort of St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George at El See also:

• MINA, FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y (1781-1836)

Mina (1481–1482) .

On his return from this expedition, he submitted to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King John the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme he had now matured for reaching Asia by a western route across the ocean . The king was deeply interested in the See also:

• RIVAL

rival scheme (of an eastern or See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern route See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India) which had so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long held the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, which had been initiated by the Genoese in 1291, and which had been revived, for Portugal, by Prince Henry the Navigator; but he listened to the Genoese, and referred him to a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council for geographical affairs . The council's See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report was adverse; but the king, who was yet inclined to favour the theory of Columbus, assented to the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• CEUTA (Arabic Sebta)

Ceuta that the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan should be carried out in See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret and without its author's knowledge . A See also:

• CARAVEL, or CARVEL (from the Gr. Kapa(3os, a light ship, through the Ital. carabella and the Span. carabas)

caravel was despatched; but it returned after a brief See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, the sailors having lost See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, and refused to venture farther . Upon discovering this treachery, Columbus See also:

• LEFT

left Lisbon for Spain (1484), taking with him his son Diego, the only issue of his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Felipa Moniz, who was by this time dead . He departed secretly;—according to some writers, to give the slip to King John; according to others, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape his creditors . Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and while meditating an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the king of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, opened his plans to the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count (from 1491, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke) of See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina Celi . The latter gave him great encouragement, entertained him for two years, and even determined to furnish him with three or four caravels, to carry out his great design . Finally, however, being deterred by the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration that the enterprise was too vast for a subject, he turned his See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest from the determination he had come to of making application at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of France, by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing on his behalf to See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella; and Columbus repaired to the court at See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova at her bidding (1486) . It was an See also:

• ILL

ill moment for the navigator's See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile and See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon were in the thick of that struggle which resulted in the final See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors; and neither Ferdinand nor Isabella had time as yet to give due consideration to Columbus' proposals . The adventurer was indeed kindly received; he was handed over to the care of Alonso de Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusiastic supporter of his theory .

He made many other See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and among them Beatriz Enriquez, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of his second son Fernando . But the committee, presided over by the queen's See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor, Fray Hernando de Talavera, which had been appointed to consider the new project, reported that it was vain and impracticable . From Cordova Columbus followed the court to See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca, having already been introduced by Quintanilla to the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, Pedro Gonzalez de See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza, " the third king of Spain "; the latter had befriended and supported the Genoese, and apparently arranged the first interview between him and Queen Isabella . At Salamanca prolonged discussions took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place upon the questions now raised; the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans of See also:

• SAN

San Esteban entertained Columbus during the conferences (1486-1487) . In 1487 Columbus, who had been following the court from place to place (billeted in towns as an officer of the sovereigns, and gratified from time to time with sums of See also:

• MONEY

money towards his expenses), was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga . In 1488 he was invited by the king of Portugal, his " especial friend," to return to that country, and was assured of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest or proceedings of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 20): he had probably made fresh overtures to King John shortly before; and in the autumn of 1488 we find him in Lisbon, conferring with his brother Bartholomew and laying plans for the future . We have no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the final negotiations of Columbus with the Portuguese See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but they clearly did not issue in anything definite, for Christopher now returned to Spain (though not till he had witnessed the return of Bartholomew See also:

• DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO (18(38-1876)
• DIAZ, PORFIRIO (183o– )

Diaz from the discovery of the Cape of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope and his reception by King John), while Bartholomew proceeded to England with a See also:

• MISSION

mission to See also:

• INTEREST

interest King Henry VII. in the Columbian schemes . If the See also:

• LONDON

London enterprise was unsuccessful (as indeed it proved), it was settled that Bartholomew should carry the same invitation to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French court . He did so; and here he remained till summoned to Spain in 1493 . Meantime Christopher, unable throughout 1490 to get a See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing at the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish court, was in 1491 again referred to a See also:

• JUNTA (from juntar, to join)

junta, presided over by Cardinal Mendoza; but this junta, to Columbus' dismay, once more rejected his proposals; the Spanish sovereigns merely promised him that when the Granada See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was over, they would reconsider what he had laid before them . _ Columbus was now in despair . He at once betook himself to See also:

• HUELVA
• HUELVA (the ancient Onuba, Onoba, or Onuba Aestuaria)

Huelva, a little maritime See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia, north-west of See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz, with the intention of taking See also:

• SHIP

ship for France .

He halted, however, at the monastery of La Rabida, near Huelva, and still nearer Palos, where he seems to have made lasting friend-ships on his first arrival in Spain in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1485, where he especially enlisted the support of Juan See also:

• PEREZ, ANTONIO (c. 1540-1611)

Perez, the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian, who invited him to take up his quarters in the monastery, andintroduced him to See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez, a physician and student of See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography . Juan Perez had been the queen's confessor; he now wrote to her in urgent terms, and was summoned to her presence; and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to court . He reached Granada in time to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness the surrender of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city (January 2, 1492), and negotiations were resumed . Columbus believed in his mission, and stood out for high terms; he asked for the rank of admiral at once (" Admiral of the Ocean " in all those islands, seas, and continents that he might discover), the See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of the See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals discovered within his See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty . These conditions were rejected, and the negotiations were again interrupted . An interview with Mendoza appears to have followed; but nothing came of it, and before the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of January 1492, Columbus actually set out for France . At length, however, on the entreaty of the Queen's confidante, the Marquesa de Moya, of Luis de Santangel, See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, and of other courtiers, Isabella was induced to determine on the expedition . A messenger was sent after Columbus, and overtook him near a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge called " Pinos," 6 m. from Granada . He returned to the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp at See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fe; and on the 17th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1492, the agreement between him and their See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic majesties was signed and sealed . As his aims included not only the discovery of Cipangu or See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, but also the opening up of intercourse with the grand See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

khan of See also:

• CATHAY

Cathay, he received a royal letter of introduction to the latter . The town of Palos was ordered to find him two ships, and these were soon placed at his disposal . But no crews could be got together, in spite of the See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity offered to criminals and " broken men " who would serve on the expedition; and had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting in the cause the Palos " magnates " Martin Alonso See also:

• PINZON

Pinzon and Vicente Yanez Pinzon, Columbus' departure had been long delayed .

At last, however, men, ships and stores were ready . The expedition consisted of the " Santa Maria," a decked ship of too tons with a See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew of 52 men, commanded by the admiral in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person; and of two caravels; the " Pinta " of 50 tons, with 18 men, under Martin Pinzon; and the " Nina," of 40 tons, with 18 men, under his brother Vicente Yanez, afterwards (1499) the first to See also:

• CROSS

cross the See also:

• LINE

line in the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic . The adventurers numbered 8& souls; and on See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday, the 3rd of August 1492, at eight in the See also:

• MORNING

morning, the little See also:

• FLEET

fleet weighed See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor, and stood for the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary Islands . An abstract of the admiral's See also:

• DIARY

diary made by Las Casas is yet va eft. extant; and from it many particulars may be gleaned concerning this first voyage . Three days after the ships had set sail the " Pinta " lost her See also:

• RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

rudder; the admiral was in some alarm, but comforted himself with the reflection that Martin Pinzon was energetic and ready-witted; they had, however, to put in at See also:

• TENERIFFE [Tenerife]

Teneriffe, to refit the caravel . On the 6th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September they weighed anchor once more with all haste, Columbus having been informed that three Portuguese caravels were on the look-out to intercept him . On the 13th of September the westerly See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of the magnetic See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle were for the first time observed; on the 15th a See also:

• METEOR (Gr. µerEwpa, literally " things in the air,” from µera, beyond, and aeip6Lv, to lift up)

meteor See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea at four or five leagues distance; soon after they arrived at those vast plains of seaweed called the Sargasso Sea; while all the time, writes the admiral, they had most temperate breezes, the sweetness of the mornings being especiaily delightful, the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather like an Andalusian April, and only the See also:

• SONG

song of the See also:

• NIGHTINGALE (O. Eng. Nihtegale, literally " singer of the night ")
• NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE (1820–191o)

nightingale wanting . On the 17th the men began to murmur; they were frightened by the strange phenomena of the variation of the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass, but the explanation Columbus gave restored their tranquillity . On the 18th they saw many birds, and a great See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud; and they expected to see See also:

• LAND

land . On the loth they saw boobies and other birds, and were sure the land must be near . In this, however, they were disappointed; and thenceforth Columbus, who was keeping all the while a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double reckoning, one for the crew and one for himself, had great difficulty in restraining the evil-disposed from the excesses they meditated . On the 25th Martin Alonso Pinzon raised the cry of land, but it proved false, as did the rumour to the same effect on the 7th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, from the "Nina." But on the 11th the " Pinta " fished up a See also:

• CANE

cane, a See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole, a stick which appeared to have been wrought with iron, and a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, while the " Nina " sighted a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch covered with berries; " and with these signs all of them breathed and were glad." At ten o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock on that See also:

• NIGHT

night Columbus himself perceived and pointed out America a See also:

• LIGHT

light ahead, and at two in the morning of Friday, discovered. di the 12th of October 1492, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the " Nina," announced the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of what proved to be the New World .

The land sighted was an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, called by the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians Guanahani, and named by Columbus San See also:

• SALVADOR, or SAN SALVADOR (Republica del Salvador)

Salvador . It is generally identified with Watling Island . The same morning Columbus landed, richly clad, and bearing the royal banner of Spain . He was accompanied by the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Pinzon, bearing See also:

• BANNERS, FEAST OF (Jap. Nobori-no-Sekku)

banners of the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green Cross (a See also:

• DEVICE

device of the admiral's), and by great part of the crew . When they all had " given thanks to See also:

• GOD

God, kneeling upon the See also:

• SHORE

shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, for the great See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy received," the admiral named the island, and took See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of it for their Catholic majesties of Castile and Leon . At the same time such of the crews as had shown themselves doubtful and mutinous sought his See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon weeping, and prostrated themselves at his feet . Into the remaining detail of this voyage, of highest interest as it is, it is impossible to go further . It will be enough to say that it resulted in the discovery of the islands of Santa Maria de la See also:

• CONCEPCION
• CONCEPCION, or VILLA CONCEPCION

Concepcion (See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

Rum Cay), See also:

• FERNANDINA

Fernandina (Long Island), Isabella (Crooked Island), See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba or Juana (named by Columbus in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the young prince of Spain), and Hispaniola, See also:

• HAITI [HAITI, HAYTI, SAN DOMINGO, Or HISPANIOLA]

Haiti, or San Domingo . Off the last of these the " Santa Maria " went aground, owing to the carelessness of the steersman . No lives were lost, but the ship had to be unloaded and abandoned; and Columbus, who was anxious to return to Europe with the See also:

• NEWS

news of his achievement, resolved to plant a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony on the island, to build a fort out of the material of the stranded hulk, and to leave the crew . The fort was called La Navidad; 44 Europeans were placed in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . On the 4th of January 1493 Columbus, who had lost sight of Martin Pinzon, set sail alone in the " Nina " for the east; and two days afterwards the " Pinta " joined her See also:

• SISTER

sister-ship .

A See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, however, separated the vessels, and it was not until the 18th of February that Columbus reached the island of Santa Maria in the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores . Here he was threatened with See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture by the Portuguese governor, who could not for some time be brought to recognize his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . On the 24th of February, however, he was allowed to proceed, and on the 4th of March the " Nina " dropped anchor off Lisbon . The king of Portugal received the admiral with the highest honours . On the 13th of March the " Nina " put out from the See also:

• TAGUS (Span. Tajo, Portug. Tejo)

Tagus, and two days afterwards, Friday, the 15th of March, she reached Palos . The court was at See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona; and thither, after despatching a letter announcing his arrival, Columbus proceeded in person . He entered the city in a sort of triumphal procession, was received by their majesties in full court, and, seated in their presence, related the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his wanderings, exhibiting the " See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and strange " spoils of the new-found lands,—the gold, the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, the parrots, the curious arms, the mysterious See also:

• PLANTS

plants, the unknown birds and beasts, and the Indians he had brought with him for See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism . All his honours and privileges were confirmed to him; the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don was conferred on himself and his brothers; he rode at the king's bridle; he was served and saluted as a See also:

• GRANDEE (Span. Grande)

grandee of Spain . A new and magnificent scutcheon was also blazoned for him (4th May 1493), whereon the royal See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle and See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion of Castile and Leon were combined with the five anchors of his own coat of arms . Nor were their Catholic highnesses less busy on their own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account than on that of their servant . On the 3rd and 4th of May See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VI. granted bulls confirming to the crowns of Castile and Leon all the lands discovered, or to be discovered, west of a line of demarcation See also:

• DRAWN

drawn Too leagues west of the Azores, on the same terms as those on which the Portuguese held their colonies along the See also:

• AFRICAN

African coast . A new expedition was got in readiness with all possible despatch, to secure and extend the discoveries already made .

After several delays the fleet weighed anchor on the 24th of September 1493 and steered westwards . It consisted of three great carracks (galleons) and fourteen caravels (light frigates), having on board over 1500 men, besides the vosecond 1•See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . animals and materials necessary for colonization . Twelve missionaries accompanied the expedition, under the orders of Bernardo See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull or See also:

• BOIL

Boil, a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine; Columbus had been already directed (29th May 1493) to endeavour by all means in his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to Christianize the inhabitants of the islands, to make them presents, and • to " honour them much", while all under him were commanded to treat them " well and lovingly," under See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of severe See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . On the 13th of October the ships, which had put in at the Canaries, left Ferro; and on See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday, the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, after a single storm, " by the goodness of God and the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise management of the admiral " an island was sighted to the west, which was named See also:

• DOMINICA

Dominica . Northwards from this the isles, of Marigalante and Guadalupe were next discovered and named; while on the north-western course to La Navidad those of See also:

• MONTSERRAT
• MONTSERRAT, or MONSERRAT

Montserrat, See also:

• ANTIGUA

Antigua, San Martin, Santa Cruz and the Virgin Islands were sighted, and the island now called Porto Rico was touched at, hurriedly explored, and named San Juan Bautista . On the 22nd of November Columbus came in sight of Hispaniola, and sailing westward to La Navidad, found the fort burned and the colony dispersed . He decided on See also:

• BUILDING

building a second fort, and See also:

• COASTING

coasting on 30 M. east of See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cristi, he pitched on a spot where he founded the city of Isabella . The See also:

• CLIMATE