See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

COLUMN (See also:

• LAT

Lat. columna)  , in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical support consisting of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft and See also:

• BASE

base, used to carry a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam or an See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch . The earliest example in See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood (2684 B.C.) was that found at Kahun in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814)

Flinders See also:

• PETRIE, GEORGE (179o-1866)
• PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS (1853– )

Petrie, which was fluted and stood on a raised base, and in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone the octagonal shafts of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir-el-Bahri (c . 285o) . In the tombs at Beni See also:

• HASAN

Hasan (2723 B.C.) are columns of two kinds, the octagonal or polygonal shaft, and the See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed or See also:

• LOTUS

lotus See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column, the horizontal See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of which is a See also:

• QUATREFOIL

quatrefoil . This became later the favourite type, but it was made circular on See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . In all these examples the column rests on a stone base . (See also CAPITAL and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

ORDER.) The column was employed in See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria in small structures only, such as pavilions or porticoes . In See also:

• PERSIA

Persia the column, employed to carry See also:

• TIMBER

timber superstructures only, was very lofty, being sometimes 12 diameters high; the shaft was fluted, the number of flutes varying from 30 to 52 . The earliest example of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek column is that represented in the temple See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco at See also:

• CNOSSUS

Cnossus (c . 1600 B.C.), of which portions have been found . The columns were in See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress wood raised on a stone base and tapered downwards.' The same, though to a less degree, is found in the stone semi-detached columns which flank the See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway of the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

Tomb of See also:

• AGAMEMNON

Agamemnon at See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae; the shafts of these columns were carved with the See also:

• CHEVRON (Fr. from chevre, a goat)

chevron See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design . The earliest Greek columns in stone as isolated features are those of the Temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo at See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse (early 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C.), the shafts of which were monoliths, but as a See also:

• RULE

rule the Greek columns were all built of drums, sometimes as many as ten or twelve .

There was no base to the Doric column, but the shafts were fluted, 20 flutes being the usual number . In the Archaic Temple of See also:

• DIANA

Diana at See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus there were 52 flutes . In the later examples of the Ionic order the shaft had 24 flutes . In the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman temples the shafts were very often monoliths . Columns were occasionally used as supports for figures or other features . The Naxian column at See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi of the Ionic order carried a See also:

• SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

sphinx . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans employed columns in various ways: the See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan and the Antonine columns carried figures of the two emperors; the columna rostrata (26o B.C.) in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum was decorated with the beaks of See also:

• SHIPS

ships and was a votive column, the miliaria column marked the centre of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome from which all distances were measured . In the same way the column in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place See also:

• VENDOME
• VENDOME, LOUIS JOSEPH

Vendome in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris carries a statue of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I.; the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire of See also:

• LONDON

London, a See also:

• FINIAL (a variant of " final "; Lat. finis, end)

finial with flames sculptured on it; the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York's column (London), a statue of the duke of York . With the exception of the Cretan and Mycenaean, all the shafts of the classic orders tapered from the bottom upwards, and about one-third up the column had an increment,, known as the See also:

• ENTASIS (from Gr. vTelvety, to stretch a line or bend a bow)

entasis, to correct an See also:

• OPTICAL

optical illusion which makes tapering shafts look See also:

• CONCAVE

concave; the proportions of See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter to height varied with the order employed . Thus, broadly speaking, a Roman Doric column will be eight, a Roman Ionic nine, a Corinthian ' The See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk used as a column was inverted to retain the See also:

• SAP

sap; hence the shape . • ten diameters in height . Except in rare cases, the columns of the Romanesque and See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic styles were of equal diameter at See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and bottom, and had no definite dimensions as regards diameter and height .

They were also grouped together See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round piers which are known as clustered piers . When of exceptional See also:

• SIZE

size, as in See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester and See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham cathedrals, See also:

• WALTHAM

Waltham See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey and See also:

• TEWKESBURY

Tewkesbury, they are generally called " pillars," which was apparently the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• TERM

term for column . The word columna, employed by See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius, was introduced into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian writers of the Revival . In the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period columns were frequently banded, the bands being concentric with the column as in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and occasionally richly carved as in Philibert De L'See also:

• ORME, ROBERT (1728-1801)

Orme's See also:

• WORK

work at the Tuileries . In England Inigo See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones introduced similar features, but with square blocks sometimes rusticated, a custcm lately revived in England, but of which there are few examples either in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy or See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The word " column " is used, by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy with architecture, for any upright See also:

• BODY

body or See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, See also:

• TYPOGRAPHY (i.e. writing by types)

typography, &c . (R . P .