[See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

JUSTIN See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS] SMILE See also:

• [JUSTIN LOUIS] SMILE COMBES (1835– )

COMBES (1835– )  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French states-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Roquecourbe in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn . He studied for the priesthood, but abandoned the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea before ordination, and took the diploma of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of letters ,1860), Then he studied See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, taking his degree in 1867, and setting up in practice at Pons in See also:

• CHARENTE

Charente-Inferieure . In 1881 he presented himself as a See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for See also:

• SAINTES

Saintes, but was defeated . In 1885 he was elected to the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate by the department of Charente-Inferieure . He sat in the Democratic See also:

• LEFT

left, and was elected See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president in 1893 and 1894 . The reports which he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up upon educational questions drew See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to him, and on the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1895 he entered the See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

Bourgeois See also:

• CABINET

cabinet as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of public instruction, resigning with his colleagues on the 21st of See also:

• APRIL

April following . He actively supported the Waldeck-See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, and upon its retirement in 1903 he was himself charged with the formation of a cabinet . In this he took the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of the Interior, and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was devoted to the struggle with clericalism . The parties of the Left in the chamber, See also:

• UNITED

united upon this question in the Bloc republicain, supported See also:

• COMBES, [JUSTIN LOUIS] SMILE (1835– )

Combes in his application of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1901 on the religious associations, and voted the new See also:

• BILL

bill on the congregations (1904), and under his guidance See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France took the first definite steps toward the separation of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . He was opposed with extreme violence by all the Conservative parties, who regarded the secularization of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools as a persecution of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . But his stubborn enforcement of the law won him the See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, who called him familiarly le See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

petit pere . Finally the defection of the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical and Socialist See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups induced him to resign on the 17th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1905, although he had not met an adverse See also:

• VOTE

vote in the Chamber .

His policy was still carried on; and when the law of the separation of church and state was passed, all the leaders of the Radical parties entertained him at a noteworthy banquet in which they openly recognized him as the real originator of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement .