See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

COMBUSTION (from the See also:

• LAT

Lat. comburere, to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn up)  , in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, the See also:

• PROCESS

process of burning or, more scientifically, the oxidation of a substance, generally with the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame and the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . The See also:

• TERM

term is more customarily given to productions of flame such as we have in the burning of See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, See also:

• GAS

gas, See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, &c., but it is conveniently extended to See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether cases of oxidation, such as are met with when metals are heated for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air or See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen . The term " spontaneous See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion " is used when a substance smoulders or inflames apparently without the intervention of any See also:

• EXTERNAL

external heat or See also:

• LIGHT

light; in such cases, as, for example, in heaps of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste soaked in oil, the oxidation has proceeded slowly, but steadily, for some time, until the heat evolved has raised the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass to the temperature of ignition . The explanation of the phenomena of combustion was at-tempted at very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times, and the early theories were generally See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up in the explanation of the nature of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire or flame . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that some extraneous substance is essential to the process is of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient date; See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria (c . 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D.) held that some " air " was necessary, and the same view was accepted during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, when it had been also found that the products of combustion weighed more than the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original combustible, a fact which pointed to the conclusion that some substance had combined with the combustible during the process . This theory was supported by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French physician See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

Ray, who showed also that in the cases of See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead there was a limit to the increase in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BOYLE
• BOYLE, JOHN J
• BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1691)

Boyle, who made many researches on the origin and nature of fire, regarded the increase as due to the fixation of the particles of fire . Ideas identical with the See also:

• MODERN

modern ones were expressed by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MAYOW, JOHN (1643-1679)

Mayow in his Tractatus quinque medico-physici (1674), but his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1679 undoubtedly accounts for the neglect of his suggestions by his contemporaries . Mayow perceived the similarity of the processes of respiration and combustion, and showed that one constituent of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, which he termed spiritus nitro-aereus, was essential to combustion and See also:

• LIFE

life, and that the second constituent, which he termed spiritus nitri acidi, inhibited combustion and life . At the beginning of the 18th century a new theory of combustion was promulgated by Georg See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst See also:

• STAHL, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1802-1861)
• STAHL, GEORG ERNST (1660-1734)

Stahl . This theory regarded combustibility as due to a principle named phlogiston (from the Gr .

4Ao'yuar6s, burnt), which was See also:

• PRESENT

present in all combustible bodies in an amount proportional to their degree of combustibility; for instance, See also:

• COAL

coal was regarded as practically 1 ay 1 or say pure phlogiston . On this theory, all substances which could be burnt were composed of phlogiston and some other substance, and the operation of burning was simply See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to the liberation of the phlogiston . The Stahlian theory, originally a theory of combustion, came to be a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general theory of chemical reactions, since it provided See also:

• SIMPLE

simple explanations of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary chemical processes(when regarded qualitatively) and permitted generalizations which largely stimulated its See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance . Its inherent defect— that the products of combustion were invariably heavier than the original substance instead of less as the theory demanded—was ignored, and until See also:

• LATE

late in the 18th century it dominated chemical thought . Its overthrow was effected by See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier, who showed that combustion was simply an oxidation, the oxygen of the atmosphere (which was isolated at about this time by K . W . See also:

• SCHEELE, KARL WILHELM (1742-1786)

Scheele and J . See also:

• PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804)

Priestley) combining with the substance burnt .