PHILIPPE DE See also:

• PHILIPPE DE COMMINES (c. 1445-c. 1511)

COMMINES (c. 1445-c. 1511)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French historian, called the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Renescure, near See also:

• HAZEBROUCK

Hazebrouck in See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, a little earlier than 1447 . He lost both father and See also:

• MOTHER

mother in his earliest years . In 1463 his godfather, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, summoned him to his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and soon after transferred him to the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of his son, afterwards known as See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bold . He speedily acquired considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over Charles, and in 1468 was appointed See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain and councillor; consequently when in the same See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI. was entrapped at Peronne, See also:

• COMMINES, PHILIPPE DE (c. 1445-c. 1511)

Commines was able both to soften the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion of Charles and to give useful See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, whose See also:

• LIFE

life he did much to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save . Three years later he was charged with an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to Louis, who gained him over to himself by many brilliant promises, and in 1472 he See also:

• LEFT

left Burgundy for the court of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . He was at once made chamberlain and councillor; a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 6000 livres was bestowed on him; he received the principality of Talmont, the confiscated See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise See also:

• FAMILY

family, over which the family of La Tremoille claimed to have rights . The king arranged his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Helene de Chambes, who brought him the See also:

• FINE

fine lordship of Argenton, and Commines took the name d'Argenton from then (27th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1473) . He was employed to carry out the intrigues of Louis in Burgundy, and spent several months as See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . On his return he was received with the utmost favour, and in 1479 obtained a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree confirming him in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of his principality . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Louis in 1483 a suit was commenced against Commines by the family of La Tremoille, and he was See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast in heavy See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages . He plotted against the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne of See also:

• BEAUJEU

Beaujeu, and joined the party of the duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, afterwards Louis XII . Having attempted to carry off the king, Charles VIII., and so See also:

• FREE

free him from the tutelage of his See also:

• SISTER

sister, he was arrested, and put in one of his old See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron cages at See also:

• LOCHES

Loches .

In 1489 he was banished to one of his own estates for ten years, and made to give See also:

• BAIL

bail to the amount of 1o,000 crowns of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold for his See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good behaviour . Recalled to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in 1492, he strenuously opposed the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian expedition of Charles VIII., in which, however, he took See also:

• PART

part, notably as representing the king in the negotiations which resulted in the treaty of See also:

• VERCELLI (anc. Vercellae)

Vercelli . During the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life, notwithstanding the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Louis XII., whom he had served as duke of Orleans, he held no position of importance; and his last days were disturbed by lawsuits . He died at Argenton on the 18th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, probably in 1511 . His wife Helene de Chambes survived him till 1532; their See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb is now in the Louvre . The See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs, to which Commines owes his reputation as astatesman and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters, were written during his latter years . The graphic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of his narrative and above all the keenness of his insight into the motives of his contemporaries, an insight undimmed by undue regard for principles of right and wrong, make this See also:

• WORK

work one of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CLASSICS

classics of history . His portrait of Louis XI. remains unique, in that to such a writer was given such a subject . See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott in Quentin Durward gives an interesting picture of Commines, from whom he largely draws . Sainte-Beuve, after speaking of Commines as being in date the first truly modern writer, and comparing him with See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne, says that his history remains the definitive history of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and that from it all See also:

• POLITICAL

political history took its rise . None of this See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause is undeserved, for the pages of Commines abound with excellences . He analyses motives and pictures See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners; he delineates men and describes events; his reflections are pregnant with suggestiveness, his conclusions strong with the See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic of facts .

The Memoirs divided themselves into two parts, the first from the reign of Louis XI., 1464-1483, the second on the Italian expedition and the negotiations at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice leading to the Vercelli treaty, 1494-1495 . The first part was written between 1489 and 1491, while Commines was at the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of See also:

• DREUX

Dreux, the second from 1495 to 1498 . Seven See also:

• MSS

MSS. are known, derived from a single holograph, and as this was undoubtedly badly written, the copies were inaccurate; the best is that which belonged to Anne de See also:

• POLIGNAC

Polignac, niece of Commines, and it is the only one containing books vii. and viii . The best edition of Commines is the one edited by B. de Mandrot and published at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1901-19o3 . For this edition the author used a See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript hitherto unknown and more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete than the others, and in his introduction he gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the life of Commines .