See also:

• LUCIUS

LUCIUS AELIUS AURELIUS See also:

• LUCIUS AELIUS AURELIUS COMMODUS (161-192)

COMMODUS (161-192)  , also called See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus, See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, son of Marcus Aurelius and See also:

• FAUSTINA, ANNIA GALERIA

Faustina, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LANUVIUM (more frequently Lanivium in imperial times, mod. Civita Lavinia)

Lanuvium on the 31st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 161 . In spite of a careful See also:

• EDUCATION

education he soon showed a fondness for See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low society and amusement . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen he was associated by his See also:

• FATHER

father in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Oh the See also:

• DEATH

death of Aurelius, whom he had accompanied in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against the Quadi and See also:

• MARCOMANNI (i.e. men of the mark, or border)

Marcomanni, he hastily concluded See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and hurried back to Rome (18o) . The first years of his reign were uneventful, but in 183 he was attacked by an See also:

• ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin at the instigation of his See also:

• SISTER

sister Lucilla and many members of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, which See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt deeply insulted by the contemptuous manner in which See also:

• COMMODUS, LUCIUS AELIUS AURELIUS (161-192)

Commodus treated it . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he became tyrannical . Many distinguished See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans were put to death as implicated in the See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, and others were executed for no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason at all . The See also:

• TREASURY

treasury was exhausted by lavish See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure on gladiatorial and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beast combats and on the soldiery, and the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the wealthy was confiscated . At the same time Commodus, proud of his bodily strength and dexterity, exhibited himself in the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena, slew wild animals and fought with See also:

• GLADIATORS (from Lat. gladius, sword)

gladiators, and commanded that he should be worshipped as the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules . Plots against his See also:

• LIFE

life naturally began to See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring up . That of his favourite Perennis, See also:

• PRAEFECT (praefectus)

praefect of the praetorian guard, was discovered in time . The next danger was from the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, who were infuriated by the dearth of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn .

The See also:

• MOB

mob repelled the praetorian guard, but the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the hated See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister Cleander quieted the tumult . The See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt also of the daring highwayman Maternus to seize the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire was betrayed; but at last Eclectus the emperor's See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain, See also:

• LAETUS, JULIUS POMPONIUS [Giulio Pomponio Leto], (1425-1498)

Laetus the praefect of the See also:

• PRAETORIANS

praetorians, and his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress Marcia, finding their names on the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of those doomed to death, See also:

• UNITED

united to destroy him . He was poisoned, and then strangled by a wrestler named See also:

• NARCISSUS

Narcissus, on the 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 192 . During his reign unimportant See also:

• WARS

wars were success-fully carried on by his generals See also:

• CLODIUS

Clodius See also:

• ALBINUS (originally WEISS), BERNHARD SIEGFRIED (1697—1770)

Albinus, Pescennius See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger and Ulpius See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus . The frontier of See also:

• DACIA

Dacia was success-fully defended against the Scythians and Sarmatians, and a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of territory reconquered in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . In 1874 a statue of Commodus was dug up at Rome, in which he is represented as Hercules—a See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion's skin on his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club in his right and the apples of the See also:

• HESPERIDES

Hesperides in his See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . See Aelius Lampridius, Herodian, and fragments in Dio See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius; H . See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, Geschchte der romischen Kaiserzeit ; J . Ziircher, " Commodus " (1868, in Budinger's Untersuchungen zur romischen Kaisergeschichte, a See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of Herodian's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account); Pauly-Wissowa, Realencydopadie, ii . 2464 if . (von Rohden) ; Heer, " Der historische Wert See also:

• DES

des Vita Commodi " (Philologus, Supplementband ix.) .