See also:

• COMPARATIVE

COMPARATIVE STRENGTH OF VARIOUS  ARMIES (a) Compulsory Service (1906) . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria- See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual Contingent for the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

Colours . 230,000 222,000 254,000 128,000 83,000 Medically unfit and exempt 90,000 127,000 120,000 57,000 110,000 Excused from Service in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace, able-bodied 291,000 606,000 285,000 122,000 See also:

• TOTAL

Total of Men becoming liable for Service in 1907 . 320,000 540,000 980,000 470,000 315,000 Total Permanent Armed Force in Peace . 61o,000 61o,000 1,226,000 356,000 269,000 (not includ- See also:

• ING

ing colonial troops) First-See also:

• LINE

Line Troops, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war-strength (estimated) 1,350,000 1,675,000 2,187,000 950,000 800,000 Second-Line Troops, war-strength (estimated) 3,000,000 2,275,000 1,429,000 1,450,000 1,150,000 See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers available in excess of these (estimated) 450,000 3 950,000 9,384,000 5,000,000 1,200,000 Total War Resources of all kinds 4,80,000 7,900,000 13,000,000 7,400,000 3,150,000 Annual Military See also:

• EXPENDITURE

Expenditure-total £27,720,000 £32,228,000 £36,080,000 £15,840,000 £11,280,000 Annual Military Expenditure-per See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population 13s . 9d. los . 9d .

5s . 3d . 6s . 8d . 6s . 5d . (approximate) (b) Authorized Establishments and Approximate Military Resources of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (1906-1907) . British Reserves Native Colonial Troops See also:

• REGULAR

Regular for See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

Auxiliary (Regular, Forces Total . See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army . Regular Forces . Reserve, (various) . Army .

&c.) . 1 See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain 117,000 120,000 500,000 .. . . 737,000 ' Channel Islands, See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta, Bermuda, Colonies and Dependencies 65,000 .. 6,00 .. 30,000 101,000 See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India 75,000 .. 30,000 202,000 . . 307,000 See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian Forces 46,000 .. 59,000 105,000 Australian Forces (including New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand) . . . .. i 70,000 I .. (reserves) 70,000 ..

See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African Forces a r . . . . . 20,000 (PP ) 20,000 (appr.) Totals 257,000 120,000 672,000 202,000 89,000 11,340,000 See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

Note.-Ex-soldiers of regular and auxiliary forces, still See also:

• FIT

fit for service, and estimated levees en masse, are not counted . Enlistment chiefly voluntary . (c) The Regular Army of the See also:

• UNITED

United States has a maximum authorized See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment (1906) of 6o,00o enlisted men; the Organized See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

Militia was at the same date I to,00 strong . Voluntary enlistment throughout . (See UNITED STATES.) In 1906-1907 the total numbers available for a See also:

• LEVEE (from Fr. lever, to raise)
• LEVEE (from the French substantival use of lever, to rise; there is no French substantival use of levee in the English sense)

levee en masse were estimated at 13,000,000 . The See also:

• WORK

work of a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

Staff may be taken as consisting in preparation for war, and this again, both in Great Britain and abroad, consists of military policy in all its branches, staff duties in war, the collection of intelligence, mobilization, plans of operations and concentration, training, military See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, and the preparation of war regulations . These subjects are usually subdivided into four or five See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, each of which is dealt with by a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the general staff, the actual See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the work, of course, varying in different countries . Thus, the second section of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French staff deals with " the organization and See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign armies, study of foreign theatres of war, and military See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions abroad." A Was See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office is concerned with peace See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and with the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of men and material in war . Under the former cate- organization .

BRITISH ARMY See also:

• ROON, ALBRECHT THEODOR EMIL, COUNT VON (18o3-1879)

Roon, accompanied the headquarters in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, but this arrangement did not work well, and will not be employed again . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief duties other than those of the general staff fall into two classes, the " routine staff," administration or See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-general's See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, which deals with all matters affecting personnel, of See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . To give some organization and training to the See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy, the several sheriffs had authority to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call out the contingents of their shires for exercise . The " See also:

• FYRD

fyrd," as the levy was named, was available for See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home service only, and could not be moved even from its See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county except in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of emergency; and it was principally to repel oversea invasions that its services were. required . Yet even in those days the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of some more permanent force was See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, and bodies of paid troops were maintained by the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings at their own cost . Thus Canute and his successors, and even some of the great earls kept up a See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household force (huscarles) . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English army at See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings consisted of the fyrd and the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of huscarles . The English had fought on See also:

• FOOT

foot; but the mailed horseman had now become the chief See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in war, and the Conqueror introduced into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure by See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight-service See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy . This was based on the unit of the feudal See also:

• HOST

host, the constabula; is of ten knights, the Conqueror granting lands in return for finding one or more of these See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units (in the case of great barons) or some fraction of them (in the case of lesser tenants) . The See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation was to provide knights to serve, with See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and arms, for See also:

• FORTY

forty days in each See also:

• YEAR

year at their own charges . This obligation could be handed on by sub-enfeoffment through a whole See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of under-tenants . The system. being based, not on the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal service, but on the obligation to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply one or more knights (or it might be only the fraction of a knight), it was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early found convenient to commute this for a See also:

• MONEY

money See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment known as " See also:

• SCUTAGE

scutage " (see KNIGHT SERVICE and SCUTAGE) .

This money enabled the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king to hire mercenaries, or pay such of the feudal troops as were willing to serve beyond the usual See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . From time to time proclamations and statutes were issued reminding the holders of knights' fees of their duties; but the immediate See also:

• OBJECT

object was generally to raise money rather than to enforce personal service, which became more and more rare . The feudal system had not, however, abrogated the old Saxon levies, and from these arose two See also:

• NATIONAL

national institutions—the posse comitatus, liable to be called out by the See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff to maintain the king's peace, and later the militia (q.v.) . The posse comitatus, or See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the county, included all See also:

• MALES

males able to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms, peers and spiritual men excepted; and though. primarily a See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police force it was also See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to assist in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . This levy was organized by the See also:

• ASSIZE

Assize of Arms under See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II . (1181), and subsequently under See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I . (1285) by the so-called " See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester," which determined the numbers and description of weapons to be kept by each See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man according to his See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and also provided for their periodical inspection . The early Plantagenets made See also:

• FREE

free use of mercenaries . But the weakness of the feudal system in England was preparing, through the 12th and 13th centuries, a nation in arms absolutely unique in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . The Scottish and Welsh See also:

• WARS

wars were, of course, fought by the feudal levy, but this levy was far from. being the See also:

• MOB

mob of unwilling peasants usual abroad, and from the fyrd came the English archers, whose fame was established by Edward I.'s wars, and carried to the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent by Edward III . Edward I_II. realized that there was better material to be had in his own country than abroad, and the army with which he invaded France was an army of national mercenaries, or, more simply, of English soldiers . The army at See also:

• CRECY (Cressy)

Crecy was composed exclusively of English, Welsh and Irish .

From the pay See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the army at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• CALAIS

Calais (1346) it appears that all ranks, from the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales downward, were paid, no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt being made to force even the feudal nobles to serve abroad at their own expense . These armies were raised mainly by contracts entered into " with some knight or See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert in war, and of great See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue and livelihood in the country, to serve the king in war with a number of men." Copies of the indentures executed when Henry V. raised his army for the invasion of France in 1415 are in existence . Under these the contracting party agreed to serve the king abroad for one year, with a given number of men equipped according to agreement, and at a stipulated See also:

• RATE

rate of pay . A certain sum was usually paid in advance, and in many cases the See also:

• CROWN

crown jewels and See also:

• PLATE

plate were given in See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . The profession of arms seems to have been profitable . The pay of the soldier was high as compared with that of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary labourer, and he had the prospect of a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder in addition, so that it was not difficult to raise men where the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander had a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good military reputation . Edward III. is said to have declined the services of numbers of foreignmercenaries who wished to enrol under him in his wars against France . The funds for the payment of these armies were provided partly from the royal revenues, partly from the fines paid in lieu of military service, and other fines arbitrarily imposed, and partly by grants from See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . As the soldier's See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract usually ended with the war, and the king had seldom funds to renew it even if he so wished, the armies disbanded of themselves at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of each war . To secure the services of the soldier during his contract, acts were passed (18 Henry VI. c . 19; and 7 Henry VII. c.• I) inflicting penalties for See also:

• DESERTION

desertion; and in Edward VI.'s reign an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act " touching the true service of captains and soldiers " was passed, somewhat of the nature of a See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny Act . 61 .

. It is difficult to summarize the history of the army between the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Years' War and 1642 . The final failure of the English arms in France was soon followed by the Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses, and in the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• CIVIL

civil strife the only national force remaining to England was the Calais See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison . Henry VIII. was a soldier-king, but. he shared the public feeling for the old See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and See also:

• BILL

bill, and English armies which served abroad did not, it seems, win the respect of the advanced professional soldiers of the continent . In 1519 the Venetian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador described the English forces as consisting of 150,000 men whose See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar, though not exclusive, weapon was the long bow (See also:

• FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (c. 1394-c. 1476)
• FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (c. 1531-1607)

Fortescue i . 117) . The national levy made in 1588 to resist the See also:

• ARMADA, THE

Armada and the See also:

• THREAT

threat of invasion produced about 750 lancers (heavy-armed See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry), 2000 See also:

• LIGHT

light horse and 56,000 foot, beside 20,000 men employed in watching the coasts . The small proportion of mounted men is very remarkable in a country in which See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell was before long to illustrate the full power of cavalry on the battlefield . It is indeed not unfair to regard this army as a See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous levy of inferior quality . It was in cavalry that England was weakest, and by three different acts it was sought to improve the breed of horses, though the light horse of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern counties had a good reputation, and even won the admiration of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V . Perhaps the best organized force in England at this time was the See also:

• LONDON

London volunteer association which ultimately became the See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

Honourable See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

Artillery See also:

• COMPANY

Company . At See also:

• FLODDEN, or FLODDEN FIELD

Flodden the spirit of the old English See also:

• YEOMANRY

yeomanry triumphed over the outward See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental battalions which the Scots had adopted, and doubtless the great victory did much to retard military progress in England . The chief service of Henry VIII. to the British army was the formation of an artillery See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train, in which he took a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest .

Before he died the forces came to consist of a few permanent troops (the bodyguard and the fortress artillery service), the militia or general levy, which was for home, and indeed for county, service only, and the paid armies which were collected for a foreign war and disbanded at the conclusion of peace, and were recruited on the same principle of indents which had served in the Hundred Years' War . In the reign of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, the old Statute of Winchester was revised (1553), and the new act provided for a readjustment of the county contingents and in some degree for the rearmament of the militia . But, from the fall of Calais and the expedition to See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre up to the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of the See also:

• DUNES

Dunes a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century later, the intervention of British forces in foreign wars was always futile and generally disastrous . During this time, however, the numerous British regiments in the service of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland learned, in the long war of Dutch See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, the See also:

• ART

art of war as it had See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed on the continent since 1450, and assimilated the regimental system and the See also:

• DRILL

drill and armament of the best See also:

• MODELS

models . Thus it was that in 1642 there were many hundreds of trained and war-experienced See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and sergeants available for the armies of the king and the parliament . By this time bows and bills had long disappeared even from the militia, and the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War, which, even more than the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, offered a career for the adventurous man, contributed yet more trained officers and soldiers to the English and Scottish forces . So closely indeed was war now studied by Englishmen that the respective adherents of the Dutch and the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish systems quarrelled on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the battle of Edgehill . See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

• VERE
• VERE, SIR FRANCIS (1560-1609)

Vere, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• NORRIS
• NORRIS, FRANK (1870—1902)
• NORRIS, HENRY NORRIS
• NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711)
• NORRIS, SIR JOHN (c. 1547-1597)
• NORRIS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1847– )

Norris, and other Englishmen had become generals of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European reputation . See also:

• SKIPPON, PHILIP (d. ,66o)

Skippon, See also:

• ASTLEY, JACOB ASTLEY, BARON (1579-1652)
• ASTLEY, SIR JOHN DIIGDALB

Astley, See also:

• GORING, GEORGE GORING, LORD (1608-1657)

Goring, See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert, and many others soon to be famous were distinguished as company and regimental officers in the battles and sieges of Germany and the Low Countries . The home forces of England had, as has been said, little or nothing to revive their See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient renown . Instead, they had come to be regarded as a menace to the constitution . In See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth's time the demands of the Irish wars had led to frequent forced levies, and the occasional See also:

• BILLETING

billeting of the troops in England also gave rise to murmurs, but the brilliancy and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of her reign covered a great See also:

• DEAL

deal, and the peaceful policy of her successor removed all immediate cause of complaint .

But after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Charles I. we find the army a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant and See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal source of dispute between the king and parliament, until under See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III. it is finally established on a constitutional footing . Charles, wishing to support the Elector See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine in the Thirty Years' War, raised an army of 1o,000 men . He was already encumbered with debts, and the parliament refused all grants, on which he had recourse to forced loans . The army was sent to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, but returned without effecting anything, and was not disbanded, as usual, but billeted on the inhabitants . The billeting was the more deeply resented as it appeared that the troops were purposely billeted on those who had resisted the See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan . Forced loans, billeting and See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law—all directly connected with the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the army— formed the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main substance of the grievances set forth in the See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

Petition of Right . In accepting this petition, Charles gave up the right to maintain an army without consent of parliament; and when in 1639 he wished to raise one to act against the rebellious Scots, parliament was called together, and its See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction obtained, on the plea that the army was necessary for the defence of England . This army again became the source of dispute between the king and parliament, and finally both sides appealed to arms . 62 . The first years of the Great See also:

• REBELLION

Rebellion (q.v.) showed primarily the abundance of good officers produced by the wars on the continent, and in the second See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute inadequacy of the military system of the country; the commissions of See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array, militia ordinances, &c., had at last to give way to regular methods of enlistment and a central army administration . It was clear, at the same time, that when the struggle was one of principles and not of dynastic politics, excellent recruits, far different from the wretched levies who had been gathered together for the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish war, were to be had in any reasonable number . These causes combined to produce the " New See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

Model " which, originating in Cromwell's own cavalry and the London trained bands of foot, formed of picked men and officers, severely disciplined, and organized and administered in the right way, quickly proved its superiority over all other armies in the field, and in a few years raised its general to supreme civil power .

The 15th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1645 was the birthday of the British See also:

• STANDING

standing army, and from its first concentration at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park See also:

• DATES

dates the See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform . The men were for the most See also:

• PART

part voluntarily enlisted from existing corps, though deficiencies had immediately to be made good by See also:

• IMPRESSMENT

impressment . Four months later the New Model decided the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel of king and parliament at See also:

• NASEBY

Naseby . When Cromwell, the first See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general and the second See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-general of the army, sent his veterans to take part in the wars of the continent they proved themselves a match for the best soldiers in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . On the restoration of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy in 166o the army, now some 8o,000 strong, was disbanded . It had enforced the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of Charles I., it had dissolved parliament, and England had been for years governed under a military regime . Thus the most popular measure of the Restoration was the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the army . Only See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

Monk's See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of foot(now the See also:

• COLDSTREAM

Coldstream See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards) survived to represent the New Model in the army of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . At the same time the troops (now regiments) of household cavalry, and the regiment of foot which afterwards became the See also:

• GRENADIER

Grenadier Guards, were formed, chiefly from Royalists, though the disbanded New Model contributed many experienced re-fruits . The permanent forces of the crown came to consist oncemore of the " garrisons and guards," maintained by the king from the revenue allotted to him for carrying on the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the country . The " garrisons " were commissioned to special fortresses—the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of London, See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth, &c . The " guards " comprised the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign's bodyguards (" the yeomen of the guard " and " gentlemen-at-arms," who had existed since the times of HenryVll. and VIII.), and the regiments mentioned above .

Even this small force, at first not exceeding 3000 men, was looked on with See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy by parliament, and every attempt to increase it was opposed . The acquisition of See also:

• TANGIER (locally TANJAH)

Tangier and Bombay, as part of the See also:

• DOWER (through the Old Fr. douaire from late Lat. dotarium, classical Lat. dos, dowry)

dower of the infanta of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, led to the formation of a See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of horse (now the 1st Royal Dragoons) and a regiment of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry (the 2nd, now Queen's R.W . See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, regiment) for the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the former; and a regiment of infantry (afterwards transferred to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India Company) to hold the latter (1661) . These troops, not being stationed in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, created no distrust; but whenever, as on several occasions during Charles's reign, considerable armies were raised, they were mostly disbanded when the occasion ceased . Several regiments, however, were added to the permanent force, including See also:

• DUMBARTON

Dumbarton's regiment (the 1st er Royal Scots, nicknamed Pontius See also:

• PILATE, PONTIUS

Pilate's Bodyguard)—which had a long See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of service in the armies of the continent, and represented the Scots See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade of Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus's army—and the 3rd Buffs, representing the English regiments of the Dutch army and through them the See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers of 1572, and on Charles's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1685 the ,total force of " guards and garrisons had risen to 16,500, of whom about one-See also:

• HALF

half formed what we should now call the standing army . 63 . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James II., an experienced soldier and sailor, was more obstinate than his predecessor in his efforts to increase the army, and See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth's rebellion afforded him the opportunity . A force of about 20,000 men was maintained in England, and a large See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp formed at See also:

• HOUNSLOW

Hounslow . Eight cavalry and twelve infantry regiments (the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior of which was the 7th " Royal " Fusiliers, formed on a new French model) were raised, and given the numbers which, with few exceptions, they still hear . James even proposed to disband the militia, which had not distinguished itself in the See also:

• LATE

late rebellion, and further See also:

• AUGMENT (Lat. augere, to increase)

augment the standing army; and although the proposal was instantly rejected, he continued to add to the army till the Revolution deprived him of his See also:

• THRONE

throne . The army which he had raised was to a great extent disbanded, the Irish soldiers especially, whom he had introduced in large numbers on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, being all sent home . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the army immediately engaged the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of parliament .

The Bill of Rights had definitely established that " the raising or keeping of a standing army within the kingdom, unless it be by the consent of parliament, is against the law," and past experience made them very jealous of such a force . But civil war was imminent, foreign war certain; and William had only a few Dutch troops, and the remains of James's army, with which to meet the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm . Parliament therefore sanctioned a standing army, trusting to the checks established by the Bill of Rights and Act of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

Settlement, and by placing the pay of the army under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• COMMONS

Commons . An event soon showed the altered position of the army . A regiment mutinied and declared for James . It was surrounded and compelled to See also:

• LAY

lay down its arms; but William found himself without legal power to deal with the mutineers . He therefore applied to parliament, and in 1689 was passed the first Mutiny Act, which, after repeating the provisions regarding the army inserted in the Bill of Rights, and declaring the illegality of martial law, gave power to the crown to deal with the offences of mutiny and desertion by courts-martial . From this event is often dated the history of the standing army as a constitutional force (but see Fortescue, British Army, i . 335) . 64 . Under William the army was considerably augmented . The old regiments of James's army were reorganized, retaining, however, their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original numbers, and three of cavalry and eleven of infantry (numbered to the 28th) were added .

In 1690 parliament sanctioned a force of 62,000 men, further increased to or some of the officers, and recouped himself by selling the commissions . This system—termed " raising men for See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank "—was retained for many years, and originally helped to create the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase system " of promotion . For the maintenance of the regiment the See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel received an annual sum sufficient to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the pay of the men, and the expenses of clothing and of recruiting . The colonel was given a " beating order," without which no enlistment was legal, and was responsible for maintaining his regiment at full strength . " See also:

• MUSTER (Mid. Eng. mostre, moustre, adapted from the similar O. Fr. forms; Lat. monstrare)

Muster masters " were appointed to muster the regiments, and to see that the men for whom pay was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn were really effective . Sometimes, when casualties were numerous, the See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance was insufficient to meet the cost of recruiting, and special grants were made . In war time the ranks were also filled by released debtors, pardoned criminals, and impressed paupers and vagrants.* Where the men were raised by voluntary enlistment, the period of service was a See also:

• MATTER

matter of contract between the colonel and the soldier, and the engagement was usually for See also:

• LIFE

life; but exceptional levies were enlisted for the duration of war, or for periods of three or five years . As for the officers, the low rate of pay and the purchase system combined to exclude all but men of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent incomes . Appointments (except when in the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of the colonel) were made by the king at home, and by the commander-in-chief abroad; even in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland the power of See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment rested with the See also:

• LOCAL

local commander of the forces until the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . The soldier was clothed by his colonel, the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge being defrayed from the " stock fund." The army lived in See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, camps or billets . The barrack See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation in Great Britain at the beginning of the 18th century only sufficed for five thousand men; and though it had gradually risen to twenty thousand in 1792, a large part of the army was constantly in camps and billets—the latter causing endless complaints and difficulties . 66 .

The first efforts of the army in the long war with France did not tend to raise its reputation amongst the armies of Europe . The See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of allied armies under the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, in which British contingents figured largely, were uniformly unsuccessful (1793–94 and 1799), though in this respect they resembled those of almost all soldiers 'who commanded against the " New French " army . The policy of the younger See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt sent thousands of the best soldiers to unprofitable employment, and indeed to death, in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies . At home the administration was corrupt and ineffective, and the See also:

• PEOPLE

people generally shared the contemptuous feeling towards the regular army which was then prevalent in Europe . But a better era began with the appointment of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, duke of York, as commander-in-chief of the army . He did much to improve its organization, discipline and training, and was ably seconded by commanders of distinguished ability . Under See also:

• ABERCROMBY
• ABERCROMBY, PATRICK (1656–c.-1716)
• ABERCROMBY, SIR RALPH (1734-1801)

Abercromby in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, under See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart at See also:

• MAIDA

Maida, and under See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, See also:

• WELLESLEY
• WELLESLEY, RICHARD COLLEY WESLEY (or WELLESLEY)

Wellesley and others in India, the British armies again attached victory to their See also:

• STANDARDS

standards, and made themselves feared and respected . Later, See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's threat of invading England excited her martial spirit to the highest See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch to which it had ever attained . Finally, her military See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory was raised by the series of successful campaigns in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, until it culminated in the great victory of See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo; and the army emerged from the war with the most solidly founded reputation of any in Europe . The events of this period belong to the history of Europe, states of See also:

• AMERICA

America and theacknorvledgmentof their independence, f and fall outside the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article deaJJl, only With the 65 . Before passing to the great French Revolutionary wars, /army . The great augmentations required during the war were from which a fresh period in the history of the army may be effected partly by raising additional regiments, hut principally dated, it will be well to See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review the general condition of the by increasing the number of battalions, some regiments being army in the preceding century, injured as it was by the distrust given as many as four .

On the conclusion of peace these of parliament and departmental weakness and corruption which battalions were reduced, but the regiments were retained, and went far to neutralize the good work of the duke of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland the army was permanently increased from about twenty thousand, as commander-in-chief and of Pitt as war See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator. the usual peace establishment before the war, to an See also:

• AVERAGE

average Regiments were raised almost as in the days of the See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards. of eighty thousand . The duke of York, on first appointment The crown contracted with a distinguished soldier, or gentleman to the command, had introduced a uniform drill throughout of high position, who undertook to raise the men, receiving a the army, which was further modified according to Sir See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David certain sum as See also:

• BOUNTY (through O. Fr. bontet, from Lat. bonitas, goodness)

bounty-money for each recruit . In some cases, Dundas's system in 1800; and, under the direction of Sir John in lieu of money, the contractor received the nomination of all See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore and others, a high perfection of drill was attained . At 65.,000 in 1691; but on peace being made in 1697 the Commons immediately passed resolutions to the effect that the See also:

• LAND

land forces be reduced to 7000 men in England and 12,000 in Ireland . The War of the Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession quickly obliged Great Britain again to raise a large army, at one time exceeding 200,000 men; but of these the greater number were foreign troops engaged for the continental war . Fortescue (op. cit. i . 555) estimates the British forces at home and abroad as 70,000 men at the highest figure . After the peace of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht the force was again reduced to 8000 men in Great Britain and Ii,000 in the plantations (i.e. colonies) and abroad . From that time to the See also:

• PRESENT

present the strength of the army has been determined by the annual votes of parliament, and though frequently the subject of warm debates in both houses, it has ceased to be a matter of dispute between the crown and parliament .