AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE See also:

• MARIE

MARIE See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

XAVIER] See also:

• AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] COMTE (1798-1857)

COMTE (1798-1857)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

Positive philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 19th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1798 at See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of taxes for the See also:

• DISTRICT

district . He was sent for his earliest instruction to the school of the See also:

• TOWN

town, and in 1814 was admitted to the Ecole Polytechnique . His youth was marked by a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant willingness to See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel against merely See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official authority; to genuine excellence, whether moral or intellectual, he was always ready to pay unbounded deference . That strenuous application which was one of his most remarkable gifts in manhood showed itself in his youth, and his application was backed or inspired by See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior intelligence and aptness . After he had been two years at the Ecole Polytechnique he took a foremost See also:

• PART

part in a mutinous demonstration against one of the masters; the school was broken up, and See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte like the other scholars was sent See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . To the See also:

• GREAT

great dissatisfaction of his parents, he resolved to return to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris 0816), and to See also:

• EARN

earn his living there by giving lessons in See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin was the youth's idol at this moment . " I seek to imitate the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates," he wrote to a school friend, " not in talents, but in way of living . You know that at five-and-twenty he formed the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of becoming perfectly See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and that he fulfilled his design . I have dared to undertake the same thing, though I am not yet twenty." Though Comte's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and aims were as far removed as possible from Franklin's type, neither Franklin nor any See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man that ever lived could surpass him in the heroic tenacity with which, in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of a thousand obstacles, he pursued his own ideal of a vocation . For a moment circumstances led him to think of seeking a career in See also:

• AMERICA

America, but a friend who preceded him thither warned him of the purely See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical spirit that prevailed in the new See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . " If See also:

• LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS (1736-1813)

Lagrange were to come to the See also:

• UNITED

United States, he could only earn his livelihood by turning See also:

• LAND

land surveyor." So Comte remained in Paris, living as he best could on something less than £8o a See also:

• YEAR

year, and hoping, when he took the trouble to break his meditations upon greater things by hopes about himself, that he might by and by obtain an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as mathematical See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in a school .

A friend procured him a situation as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Casimir See also:

• PERIER, CASIMIR PIERRE (1777-1832)

Perier . The See also:

• SALARY

salary was See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, but the duties were too See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous, and what was still worse, there was an end of the delicious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the See also:

• GARRET (from the O. Fr. garite, modern guerite, a watch-tower, connected ultimately with " guard " and " ward ")

garret . After a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short experience of three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks Comte returned to neediness and contentment . He was not altogether without the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young man's appetite for See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure; yet when he was only nineteen we find him wondering, amid the gaieties of the See also:

• CARNIVAL (Med. Lat. carnelevarium, from taro, tarns, flesh, and levare, to lighten or put aside; the derivation from valere, to say farewell, is unsupported)

carnival of 1817, how a See also:

• GAVOTTE (a French word adopted from the Provencal gavoto)

gavotte or a See also:

• MINUET (adapted, under the influence of the Italian minuetto, from Fr. menuet, small, pretty, delicate, a diminutive of menu, from Lat. minutus; the word refers probably to the short steps, pas menus, taken in the dance)

minuet could make See also:

• PEOPLE

people forget that See also:

• THIRTY

thirty thousand human beings around them had barely a morsel to eat . Towards 18r8 Comte became associated as friend and See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple with See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon, who was destined to exercise a very decisive See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon the turn of his See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . In after years he so far forgot himself as to write of Saint-Simon as a depraved See also:

• QUACK

quack, and to deplore his connexion with him as purely mischievous . While the connexion lasted he thought very differently . Saint-Simon is described as the most estimable and lovable of men, and the most delightful in his relations; he is the worthiest of philosophers . Even at the very moment when Comte was congratulating himself on having thrown off the yoke, he honestly admits that Saint-Simon's influence has been of powerful service in his philosophic See also:

• EDUCATION

education . " I certainly," he writes to his most intimate friend, " am under great See also:

• PERSONAL

personal obligations to Saint-Simon; that is to say, he helped in a powerful degree to See also:

• LAUNCH

launch me in the philosophical direction that I have now definitely marked out for myself, and that I shall follow without looking back for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of my See also:

• LIFE

life." Even if there were no such unmistakable expressions as these, the most cursory glance into Saint-Simon's writings is enough to reveal the See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread of connexion between the ingenious visionary and the systematic thinker . We see the See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and we also see that when it is stated at the highest possible, nothing has really been taken either from Comte's claims as a powerful See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thinker, or from his immeasurable pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence over Saint-Simon in intellectual grasp and vigour and coherence . As high a degree of originality may be shown in transformation as in invention, as See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere and See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare have proved in the region of dramatic See also:

• ART

art .

In See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy the conditions are not different . II faut prendre son bier ou on le trouve . It is' no detriment to Comte's fame that some of the ideaswhich he recombined and incorporated in a great philosophic structure had their origin in ideas that were produced almost at See also:

• RANDOM (older forms randon, randrun; from the French, cf. randir, to run quickly, impetuously; generally taken to be of Teutonic origin and connected with Ger. Rand, edge, brim, the idea being possibly of a brimming river)

random in the incessant See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation of Saint-Simon's See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain . Comte is in no true sense a follower of Saint-Simon, but it was undoubtedly Saint-Simon who launched him, to take Comte's own word, by suggesting the two starting-points of what See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew into the Comtist See also:

• SYSTEM

system—first, that See also:

• POLITICAL

political phenomena are as capable of being grouped under See also:

• LAWS

laws as other phenomena; and second, that the true destination of philosophy must be social, and the true See also:

• OBJECT

object of the thinker must be the reorganization of the moral, religious and political systems . We can readily see what an impulse these far-reaching conceptions would give to Comte's meditations . There were conceptions of less importance than these, in which it is impossible not to feel that it was Saint-Simon's wrong or imperfect See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that put his young admirer on the track to a right and perfected idea . The subject is not worthy of further discussion . That Comte would have performed some great intellectual achievement, if Saint-Simon had never been born, is certain . It is hardly less certain that the great achievement which he did actually perform was originally set in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion by Saint-Simon's conversation, though it was afterwards directly filiated with the fertile speculations of A . R . J . See also:

• TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot and See also:

• CONDORCET, MARIE JEAN ANTOINE NICOLAS CARITAT, MARQUIS DE (1743-1794)

Condorcet .

Comte thought almost as meanly of See also:

• PLATO

Plato as he did of Saint-Simon, and he considered See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of all true thinkers; yet their vital difference about Ideas did not prevent Aristotle from calling Plato master . After six years the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the old and the young philosopher grew too marked for friendship . Comte began to See also:

• FRET

fret under Saint-Simon's pretensions to be his director . Saint-Simon, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, perhaps began to See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell uncomfortably conscious of the superiority of his disciple . The occasion of the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between them (1824) was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on Saint-Simon's part to See also:

• PRINT

print a See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of Comte's as ifitwereinsomesortconnected with Saint-Simon's schemes of social reorganization . Not only was the breach not repaired, but See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long afterwards Comte, as we have said, with painful ungraciousness took to calling the encourager of his youth by very hard names . 1111825 Comte married a Mdlle See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline Massin . His See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage was one of those of which " magnanimity owes no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account to prudence," and it did not turn out prosperously . Marriage . His See also:

• FAMILY

family were strongly See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and royalist, and they were outraged by his refusal to have the marriage performed other than civilly . They consented, however, to receive his wife, and the pair went on a visit to Montpellier . Madame Comte conceived a dislike to the circle she found there, and this was the too See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early beginning of disputes which lasted for the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of their See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union .

In the year of his marriage we find Comte See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing to the most intimate of his correspondents:—" I have nothing See also:

• LEFT

left but to concentrate my whole moral existence in my intellectual See also:

• WORK

work, a See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious but inadequate See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation; and so I must give up, if not the most dazzling, still the sweetest part of my happiness." He tried to find pupils to See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board with him, but only one See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil came, and he was soon sent away for lack of companions . " I would rather spend an evening," wrote the needy enthusiast, " in solving a difficult question, than in See also:

• RUNNING

running after some empty-headed and consequential millionaire in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of a pupil." A little See also:

• MONEY

money was earned by an occasional See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in Le Producteur, in which he began to expound the philosophic ideas that were now maturing in his mind' . He announced a course of lectures (1826), which it was hoped would bring money as well as fame, and which were to be the first dogmatic exposition of the Positive Philosophy . A friend had said to him, " You talk too freely, your ideas are getting abroad, and other people use then without giving you the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit; put your ownership on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record." The lectures attracted hearers so eminent as See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt the cosmologist, See also:

• POINSOT, LOUIS (1777–1859)

Poinsot the geometer and See also:

• BLAINVILLE
• BLAINVILLE, HENRI MARIE DUCROTAY DE (1777–1850)

Blainville the physiologist . Unhappily, after the third lecture of the course, Comte had a severe attack of cerebral derangement, brought on by intense and prolonged meditation, acting on a system that was already irritated by the chagrin of domestic discomfort . He did not recover his See also:

• HEALTH

health for more than a year, and as soon as convalescence set in he was seized by so profound a See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy at the disaster which had thus overtaken him, that he threw himself into the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine . Fortunately he was rescued, and the One incident of this painful See also:

• EPISODE

episode is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth r'nentioning . See also:

• LAMENNAIS, HUGUES

Lamennais, then in the height of his Catholic exaltation, persuaded Comte's See also:

• MOTHER

mother to insist on her son being married with the religious ceremony, and as the younger Madame Comte apparently did not resist, the rite was duly performed, in spite of the fact that Comte was at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time raving mad . Philosophic assailants of Comtism have not always resisted the temptation to recall the circumstance that its founder was once out of his mind . As has been justly said, if See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton once suffered a cerebral attack without forfeiting our veneration for the Principia, Comte may have suffered in the same way, and still not have forfeited our respect for Positive Philosophy and Positive Polity . In 1828 the lectures were renewed, and in 183o was published the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the Course of Positive Philosophy . The See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch and ground See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of this great undertaking had published in 1842 .

The twelve years covering the publication of the first of Comte's two elaborate See also:

• WORKS

works were years of indefatigable toil, and they were the only portion of his life in which he enjoyed a certain measure, and that a very modest measure, of material prosperity . In 1833 he was appointed examiner of the boys who in the various provincial See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools aspired to enter the Ecole Polytechnique at Paris . This and two other engagements as a teacher of mathematics secured him an income of some £400 a year . He made M . See also:

• GUIZOT, FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME (1787-1874)

Guizot, then See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe's See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, the important proposal to establish a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of general See also:

• HISTORY

history of the sciences . If there are four chairs, he argued, devoted to the history of philosophy, that is to say, the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute study of all sorts of dreams and aberrations through the ages, surely there ought to be at least one to explain the formation and progress of our real knowledge ? This wise See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, still unfulfilled, was at first welcomed, according to Comte's own account, by Guizot's philosophic See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct, and then repulsed by his " metaphysical rancour." Meanwhile Comte did his official work conscientiously, sorely as he grudged the time which it took from the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the great object of his thoughts . " I hardly know if even to you," he writes to his wife, " I dare disclose the sweet and softened feeling that comes over me when I find a young man whose examination is thoroughly satisfactory . Yes, though you may smile, the emotion would easily stir me to tears if I were not carefully on my guard." Such sympathy with youthful See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope, in union with See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and intelligence, shows that Comte's dry and austere manner veiled the fires of a generous social emotion . It was this which made him add to his labours the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of delivering every year from 1831 to 1848 a course of gratuitous lectures on See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy for a popular See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience . The social feeling that inspired this disinterested See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act showed itself in other ways . He suffered imprisonment rather than serve in the See also:

• NATIONAL

national guard; his position was that though he would not take arms against the new See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy of See also:

• JULY

July, yet being a re-publican he would take no See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to defend it .

The only amusement that Comte permitted himself was a visit to the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera . In his youth he had been a playgoer, but he shortly came to the conclusion that tragedy is a See also:

• STILTED

stilted and bombastic art, and after a time See also:

• COMEDY

comedy interested him no more than tragedy . For the opera he had a genuine See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion, which he gratified as often as he could, until his means became too narrow to afford even that single relaxation . Of his manner and personal See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance we have the following account from one who was his pupil:—" Daily as the See also:

• CLOCK

clock struck eight on the horologe of the Luxembourg, while the ringing See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer on the See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell was yet audible, the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of my See also:

• ROOM

room opened, and there entered a man, short, rather stout, almost what one might See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call sleek, freshly shaven, without vestige of See also:

• WHISKER

whisker or See also:

• MOUSTACHE, or MUSTACHIO

moustache . He was invariably dressed in a suit of the most spotless See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, as if going to a See also:

• DINNER

dinner party;his See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth was fresh from the laundress's hands, and his See also:

• HAT

hat shining like a racer's coat . He advanced to the See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm-chair prepared for him in the centre of the writing-table, laid his hat on the left-hand corner; his See also:

• SNUFF (from " to snuff, " i.e. to inhale, to draw in through the nose; cf. Dutch snuf, scent, Ger. Schnupfen, a cold, catarrh, and Eng. " snuffle, " " sniff, " &c.)

snuff-See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box was deposited on the same See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side beside the See also:

• QUIRE (in earlier forms quaer, quaer and quere, from the O. Fr. quaier, modern cahier, a copy-book, manuscript book; Lat. quaterni, set of four, from quattuor)

quire of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper placed in readiness for his use, and dipping the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen twice into the See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink-See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle, then bringing it to within an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch of his See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose to make sure it was properly filled, he See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke silence: ` We have said that the chord AB,' &c . For three-quarters of an See also:

• HOUR

hour he continued his demonstration, making short notes as he went on, to See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide the listener in repeating the problem alone; then, taking up another cahier which See also:

• LAY

lay beside him, he went over the written repetition of the former See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson . He explained, corrected or commented till the clock struck nine; then, with the little See also:

• FINGER

finger of the right hand brushing from his coat and waistcoat the shower of superfluous snuff which had fallen on them, he pocketed his snuff-box, and resuming his hat, he as silently as when he came in made his exit by the door which I rushed to open for him." In 1842, as we have said, the last volume of the Positive Philosophy was given to the public . Instead of that contentment which we like to picture as the See also:

• REWARD

reward of twelve Cowie-years of meritorious toil devoted to the erection of a tion of high philosophic edifice, Comte found himself in the " Positive midst of a very See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea of small troubles, of that uncom- Phll°° pensated See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind that harass without elevating, and sophy." See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste a man's spirit without softening or enlarging it . First, the See also:

• JAR

jar of temperament between Comte and his wife had become so unbearable that they separated (1842) . We know too little of the facts to allot blame to either of them . In spite of one or two disadvantageous facts in her career, Madame 'Comte seems to have uniformly comported herself towards her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband with an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable solicitude for his well-being .

Comte made her an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance, and for some years after the separation they corresponded on friendly terms . Next in the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the vexations was a lawsuit with his publisher . The publisher had inserted in the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth volume a protest against a certain footnote, in which Comte had used some hard words about See also:

• ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS JEAN (1786-1853)

Arago . Comte threw himself into the suit with an See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy worthy of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire and won it . Third, and worst of all, he had prefixed a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to the sixth volume, in which he went out of his way to rouse the enmity of the men on whom depended his annual re-See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the See also:

• POST

post of examiner for the See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

Polytechnic school . The result was that he lost the appointment, and with it one-See also:

• HALF

half of his very modest income . This was the occasion of an episode, which is of more than merely personal See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Before 1842 Comte had been in See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with J . S . See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill, who had been greatly impressed by Comte's philosophic ideas; Mill admits that his own System of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

Logic owes many valuable /. s . MII~. thoughts to Comte, and that, in the portion of that work which treats of the logic of the moral sciences, a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical improvement in the conceptions of logical method was derived from the Positive Philosophy . Their correspondence, which was full and copious, turned principally upon the two great questions of the equality between men and See also:

• WOMEN

women, and of the expediency and constitution of a sacerdotal or spiritual See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order .

When Comte found himself straitened, he confided the entire circumstances to Mill . As might be supposed by those who know the affectionate anxiety with which Mill regarded the welfare of any one whom he believed to be doing good work in the See also:

• WORLD

world, he at once took pains to have Comte's loss of income made up to him, until Comte should have had time to repair that loss by his own endeavour . Mill persuaded See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote, See also:

• MOLESWORTH, MARY LOUISA (1839- )
• MOLESWORTH, ROBERT MOLESWORTH, 1ST VISCOUNT (1656-1725)
• MOLESWORTH, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Molesworth, and See also:

• RAIKES, ROBERT (1735–18,x)

Raikes See also:

• CURRIE, JAMES (1756-1805)
• CURRIE, SIR DONALD (1825-1909)

Currie to advance the sum of £240 . At the end of the year (1845) Comte had taken no steps to enable himself to dispense with the aid of the three Englishmen . Mill applied to them again, but with the exception of Grote, who sent a small sum, they gave Comte'to understand that they expected him to earn his own livir;g . Mill had suggested to Comte that he should write articles for the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals, and expressed his own willingness to translate any such articles from the French . Comte at first fell in with the plan, but he speedily surprised and disconcerted Mill by boldly taking up the position of " high moral Serious See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock did not stay his return to See also:

• MENTAL

mental soundness . Illness . Offici workal appeared in 1826 . The sixth and last volume was work . See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate," and accusing the three defaulting contributors of a scandalous falling away from righteousness and a high mind . Mill was chilled by these pretensions; and the correspondence came to an end .

There is something to be said for both sides . Comte, regarding himself as the See also:

• PROMOTER

promoter of a great See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for the benefit of humanity, might reasonably look for the support of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in the fulfilment of his designs . But Mill and the others were fully justified in not aiding the See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation of a See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine in which they might not wholly concur . Comte's subsequent attitude of censorious condemnation put him entirely in the wrong . From 1845 to 1848 Comte lived as best he could, as well as made his wife her allowance, on an income of £too a year . His little account books of income and outlay, with every See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item entered down to a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours before his See also:

• DEATH

death, are accurate and neat enough to have satisfied an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ROMAN

Roman householder . In 1848, through no See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault of his own, his salary was reduced to £80 . See also:

• LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre and others, with Comte's approval, published an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for subscriptions, and on the money thus contributed Comte subsisted for the remaining nine years of his life . By 1852 the See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy produced as much as £20o a year . It is worth noticing that Mill was one of the subscribers, and that Littre continued his assistance after he had been driven from Comte's society by his high pontifical airs . We are sorry not to be able to record any similar trait of magnanimity on Comte's part . His character, admirable as it is for firmness, for intensity, for inexorable will, for See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron devotion to what he thought the service of mankind, yet offers few of those softening qualities that make us love good men and pity See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad ones .

It is best to think of him only as the intellectual worker, pursuing in uncomforted obscurity the laborious and absorbing task to which he had given up his whole life . His See also:

• LITERARY

Literary singularly conscientious See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of elaborating his method . ideas made the mental See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain more intense than even so exhausting a work as the abstract exposition of the principles of positive See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science need have been . He did not write down a word until he had first composed the whole See also:

• MATTER

matter in his mind . When he had thoroughly meditated every See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, he sat down to write, and then, such was the grip of his memory, the exact order of his thoughts came back to him as if without an effort, and he wrote down precisely what he had intended to write, without the aid of a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note or a memorandum; and without check or pause . For example, he began and completed in about six weeks a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter in the Positive Philosophy (vol. v. ch . 55) which would fill See also:

• FORTY

forty pages of this See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia . ' When we reflect that the chapter is not narrative, but an abstract exposition of the guiding principles of the movements of several centuries, with many threads of complex thought running along side by side all through the speculation, then the circumstances under which it was reduced to literary See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form are really astonishing . It is hardly possible, however, to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the admiration expressed by some of Comte's disciples for his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . We are not so unreasonable as to blame him for failing to make his pages picturesque or'thrilling; we do not want sunsets and stars and See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses and See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy; but there is a certain See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard for the most serious and abstract subjects . When compared with such philosophic writing as See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume's, See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot's, See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley's, then Comte's manner is heavy, laboured, monotonous, without See also:

• RELIEF

relief and without See also:

• LIGHT

light . There is now and then an energetic phrase, but as a whole the vocabulary is jejune; the sentences are overloaded; the See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch is See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat .

A scrupulous insistence on making his meaning clear led to an iteration of certain adjectives and adverbs, whichat length deadened the effect beyond the endurance of all but the most resolute students . Only. the interest of the matter prevents one from thinking of See also:

• RIVAROL, ANTOINE DE (1753-1801)

Rivarol's See also:

• ILL

ill-natured remark upon Condorcet, that he wrote with See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium on a See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . The general effect is impressive, not by any virtues of style, for we do not discern one, but by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of the magnitude and importance of the undertaking, and the visible conscientiousness and the grasp with which it is executed . It is by sheer strength of thought, by the vigorous perspicacity with which he strikes the lines of cleavage of his subject, that he makes hisway into the mind of the reader; in the presence of gifts of this See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power we need not See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with an ungainly style . Comte pursued one practice which ought to be mentioned in connexion with his personal history, the practice of what he style See also:

• HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

hygiene cerebrate . After he had acquired what he considered' to be a sufficient stock of material, and =See also:

• RATE

rate. this happened before he had completed the Positive Philosophy, he abstained from See also:

• READING

reading See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, reviews, scientific transactions and everything else, except two or three poets (notably See also:

• DANTE

Dante) and the Imitaiio Christi . It is true that his friends kept him informed of what was going on in the scientific world . Still this partial See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce of himself from the record of the social and scientific activity of his time, though it may See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save a thinker from the deplorable evils of See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion, moral and intellectual, accounts in no small measure for the exaggerated See also:

• EGOISM (from Gr. and Lat. ego, I, the 1st personal pronoun)

egoism, and the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of all feeling for reality, which marked Comte's later days . In 1845 Comte made the acquaintance of Madame Clotilde de See also:

• VAUX, CALVERT (1824-1895)

Vaux, a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady whose husband had been sent to the galleys for life: Very little is 'known about her qualities . She wrote a little piece which Comte rated so pre— re- MadVauamxe . posterously as to talk about See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand in the same sentence; it is in truth a flimsy performance, though it contains one or two . gracious thoughts . There is true beauty in the saying—`.` It is unworthy of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble nature to diffuse its See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain." Madame de Vaux's letters speak well for her good sense and good feeling, and it would have been better for Comte's later work if she had survived to exert a wholesome See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint on his exaltation: Their friendship had only lasted a year when she died (1846), but the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was long enough to give her memory a supreme ascendancy in Comte's mind .

See also:

• CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE (1715—178o)

Condillac, See also:

• JOUBERT, BARTHELEMY CATHERINE (1769–1799)
• JOUBERT, JOSEPH (1754–1824)
• JOUBERT, PETRUS JACOBUS (1834–1900)

Joubert, Mill and other eminent men have shown what the intellectual ascendancy of a woman can be . Comte was as inconsolable after Madame de Vaux's. death as D'See also:

• ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND

Alembert after the death of Mademoiselle L'Espinasse . Every Wednesday afternoon he_ made a reverential See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to her See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, and three times every See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day he invoked her memory in words of passionate expansion . His disciples believe that in time the world will reverence Comte's sentiment about Clotilde de Vaux, as it reveres Dante's See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration of See also:

• BEATRICE

Beatrice—a parallel that Comte himself was the first to See also:

• HIT

hit upon . Yet we cannot help feeling that it is a. See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque and unseemly See also:

• ANACHRONISM (from ava, back, and xpovor, time)

anachronism to apply in See also:

• GRAVE

grave See also:

• PROSE

prose, addressed to the whole world, those terms of saint and See also:

• ANGEL

angel which are touching and in their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amid the trouble and passion of the great mystic poet . What-ever other gifts Comte may have had—and he had many of the rarest kind,—poetic See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination was not among them, any more than poetic or emotional expression was among them . His was one of those natures whose See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of deep feeling is unhappily doomed to be inarticulate, and to pass away without the magic power of transmitting itself . Comte lost no time, after the completion of his Course of Positive Philosophy, in proceeding with the System of Positive Polity, for which the earlier work was designed to be a. See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation . The first volume was Published in Pos(tive Poltty . 1852, and the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth and last in 1854 . In 1848, when the political See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air was charged with stimulating elements, he founded the Positive Society, with the expectation that it might grow into a See also:

• REUNION

reunion as powerful over the new revolution as the Jacobin See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club had been in the revolution of 1788 . The hope was not fulfilled, but a certain number of philosophic disciples gathered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Comte, and eventually formed them-selves, under the guidance of the new ideas of the latter half of his life, into a kind of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, for whose use was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up the Positivist