See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

CONCLAVE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key)  , strictly a See also:

• ROOM

room, or set of rooms, locked with a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key; in this sense the word is now obsolete in See also:

• ENGLISH

English, though the New English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary gives an example of its use so See also:

• LATE

late as 1753 . Its See also:

• PRESENT

present loose application to any private or See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, especially ecclesiastical, is derived from its technical application to the assembly of cardinals met for the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, with which this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article is concerned . See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

Conclave is the name applied to that See also:

• SYSTEM

system of strict seclusion to which the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors of the pope have been and are submitted, formerly as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, and subsequently as the result of a legislative enactment; hence the word has come to be used of the electoral assembly of the cardinals . This system goes back only as far as the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Election of the Popes in Antiquity.—The very earliest episcopal nominations, at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome as elsewhere, seem without doubt to have been made by the See also:

• DIRECT

direct choice of the founders of the apostolic See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian communities . But this exceptional method was re-placed at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date by that of election . At Rome the method of election was the same as in other towns: the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and See also:

• PEOPLE

people and the neighbouring bishops each took See also:

• PART

part in it in their several capacities . The people would signify their approbation or disapprobation of the candidates more or less tumultuously, while the clergy were, strictly speaking, the electoral See also:

• BODY

body, met to elect for themselves a new See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and the bishops acted as presidents of the assembly and See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges of the election . The choice had to meet with See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general consent; but we can well imagine that in an assembly of such See also:

• SIZE

size, in which the candidates were acclaimed rather than elected by counting votes, the various functions were not very distinct, and that persons of importance, whether clerical or See also:

• LAY

lay, were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence the elections, and sometimes decisively . Moreover, this See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of election See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent itself to cabals; and these frequently gave rise to quarrels, sometimes involving bloodshed and schisms, i.e. the election of antipopes, as they were later called . Such , was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case at the elections of See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius (251), See also:

• DAMASUS

Damasus (366), See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface (418), See also:

• SYMMACHUS

Symmachus (498), Boniface II . (530) and others .

The remedy for this abuse was found in having reccurse, more or less freely, to the support of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius upheld Boniface against his competitor Eulalius, at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time laying down that cases of contested election should henceforth be decided by a fresh election; but this would have been a dangerous method and was consequently never applied . See also:

• THEODORIC

Theodoric upheld Symmachus against See also:

• LAURENTIUS, PAUL (1554-1624)

Laurentius because he had been elected first and by a greater See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . The accepted fact soon became See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II. recognized (532) the right of the Ostrogothic See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna to ratify the pontifical elections . Justinian succeeded to this right together with the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom which he had destroyed; he demanded, together with the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute of 3000 See also:

• GOLDEN

golden solidi, that the See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate elected should not receive the episcopal See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration till he had obtained the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of the emperor . Hence arose See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long vacancies of the See, indiscreet interference in the elections by the imperial officials, and sometimes cases of See also:

• SIMONY

simony and venality . This bondage became lighter in the 7th century, owing rather to the weakening of the imperial power than to any resistance on the part of the popes . 9th to 12th Centuries.—From the emperors of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East the power naturally passed to those of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and it was exercised after 824 by the descendants of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, who claimed that the election should not proceed until the arrival of their envoys . But this did not last long; at the end of the 9th century, Rome, torn by factions, witnessed the See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal of the See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous condemnation of See also:

• FORMOSUS

Formosus . This deplorable See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs lasted almost without interruption till the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 11th century . When the emperors were at Rome, they presided over the elections; when they were away, the See also:

• RIVAL

rival factions of the barons, the Crescentii and the Alberici especially, struggled for the spiritual power as they did for the temporal . During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were seen cases of popes imposed by a See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction rather than elected, and then, at the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition, deposed, poisoned and thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, sometimes to be restored by force of arms .

The influence of the Ottos (962–1002) was a lesser evil; that of the emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto III. was even beneficial, in that it led to the election of See also:

• GERBERT, MARTIN (172o-1793)

Gerbert (See also:

• SILVESTER

Silvester II., in 99g) . But this was only a temporary check in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of decadence, and in 1146 See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement II., the successor of the worthless See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict IX., admitted that henceforth not only the consecration but even the election of the Roman pontiffs could only take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in presence of the emperor . In fact, after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Clement II. the delegates of the Roman clergy did actually go to Polden to ask See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. to give them a pope, and similar steps were taken after the death of Damasus II., who reigned only twenty days . Fortunately on this occasion Henry III. appointed, just before his death, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of high See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• BRUNO, GIORDANO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

Bruno, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• TOUL

Toul, who presented himself in Rome in See also:

• COMPANY

company with See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand . From this time began the reform . Hildebrand had the elections of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor II . (1055), See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen IX . (1057), and See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas II . (1o58) carried out according to the canonical form, including the imperial ratification . The celebrated See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull In nomine Domini of the 13th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1059 determined the electoral See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure; Election it is curious to observe how, out of respect for tradition, reserved it preserves all the former factors in See also:

• TIRE

tire election to the though their See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope is modified: " In the first place, cardinals. the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal bishops shall carefully consider the election together, then they shall consult with the cardinal clergy, and afterwards the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the clergy and the people shall by giving their assent confirm the new election." The election, then, is reserved to the members of the higher clergy, to the cardinals, among whom the cardinal bishops have the preponderating position . The consent of the rest of the clergy and the people is now only a formality . The same was the case of the imperial intervention, in consequence of the phrase: " Saving the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour and respect due to our dear son Henry (Henry IV.), according to the concession we have made to him, and equally to his successors, who shall receive this right See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person-ally from the Apostolic See." Thus the emperor has no rights See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save those he has received as a concession from the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See .

See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory VII., it is true, notified his election to the emperor; but as he set up a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of five antipopes, none of Gregory's successors asked any more for the imperial See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction . Further, by this bull, the emperors would have to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the fait accompli; for it provided that, in the event of disturbances aroused by mischievous persons at Rome preventing the election from being carried out there freely and without See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias, the cardinal bishops, together with a small number of the clergy and of the laity, should be empowered to go and hold the election where they should think See also:

• FIT

fit; that should difficulties of any' sort prevent the enthronement of the new pope, the pope elect would be empowered immediately to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as if he were actually pope . This legislation was definitely accepted by the emperor by the See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

concordat of See also:

• WORMS

Worms (1119) . A limited electoral body lends itself to more See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute legislation than a larger body; the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college for electing the pope, thus reduced so as to consist in practice of the cardinals only, was subjected as time went on to See also:

• LAWS

laws of increasing severity . Two points of See also:

• GREAT

great importance were established by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander III. at the Lateran See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of 1179 . The constitution Licet de vilanda discordia makes all the cardinals equally electors, and no longer mentions the See also:

• LOWER

lower clergy or the people; it also requires a majority of two-thirds of the votes to decide an election . This latter See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision, which still holds See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, made imperial antipopes henceforth impossible . Abuses nevertheless arose . An electoral college too small in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, which no higher power has the right of forcing to haste, can prolong disagreements and draw out the The course of the election for a long time . It is this conclave . period during which we actually find the Holy See See also:

• LEFT

left vacant most frequently for long spaces of time . The longest of these, however, gave an opportunity for reform and the remedy was found in the conclave, i.e. in the forced and rigid seclusion of the electors .

As a matter of fact, this method had previously been used, but in a mitigated form: in 1216, on the death of See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., the people of See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia had shut up the cardinals; and in 1241 the Roman magistrates had confined them within the " Septizonium "; they took two months, however, to perform the election . See also:

• CELESTINE (CAELESTINUS)
• CELESTINE, or CELESTITE

Celestine IV. died after eighteen days, and this time, in spite of the seclusion of the cardinals, there was an See also:

• INTERREGNUM (Lat. inter, between, and regnum, reign)

interregnum of twenty months . After the death of Clement IV. in 1268, the cardinals, of whom seventeen were gathered together at See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo, allowed two years to pass without coming to anagreement; the magistrates of Viterbo again had recourse to the method of seclusion: they shut up the electors in the episcopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, blocking up all outlets; and since the election still delayed, the people removed the roof of the palace and allowed nothing but See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• WATER

water to be sent in . Under the pressure of See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine and of this strict confinement, the cardinals finally agreed, on the 1st of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1271, to elect Gregory X., after an interregnum of two years, nine months and two days . Taught by experience, the new pope considered what steps could be taken to prevent the recurrence of such abuses; in 1274, at the council of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, he promulgated the constitution Ubi periculum, the substance of which Laws was as follows: At the death of the pope, the cardinals made by Gregory X . who were present are to await their absent colleagues for ten days; they are then to meet in one of the papal palaces in a closed conclave; none of them is to have to wait on him more than one servant, or two at most if he were See also:

• ILL

ill; in the conclave they are to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a See also:

• LIFE

life in See also:

• COMMON

common, not even having See also:

• SEPARATE

separate cells; they are to have no communication with the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• WORLD

world, under See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication for any who should See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to communicate with them; See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food is to be supplied to the cardinals through a window which would be under See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch; after three days, their meals are to consist of a single dish only; and after five days, of bread and water, with a little See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . During the conclave the cardinals are to receive no ecclesiastical See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue . No See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account is to be taken of those who are absent or have left the conclave . Finally, the election is to be the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole business of the conclave, and the magistrates of the See also:

• TOWN

town where it was held are called upon to see that these provisions be observed . See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian V. and John XX. were weak enough to suspend the constitution Ubi periculum; but the abuses at once reappeared; the Holy See was again vacant for long periods; this further See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof was therefore decisive, and Celestine V., who was elected after a vacancy of more than two years, took care, before abdicating the pontificate, to revive the constitution of Gregory X., which was inserted in the See also:

• DECRETALS (Epistolae decretales)

Decretals (See also:

• LIB

lib. i. tit. vi., de election. cap . 3) . Since then the laws See also:

• RELATING

relating to the conclave have been observed, even during the great See also:

• SCHISM

schism; the only exception was the election of See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin V., which was performed by the cardinals of the three obediences, to which the council of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance added five prelates of each of the six nations represented in that assembly .

The same was the case up to the 16th century . At this period the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian republics, later See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and finally the other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, took an intimate See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the choice of the holder of what was a considerable See also:

• POLITICAL

political power; and each brought more or less honest means to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, sometimes that of simony . - It was against simony that See also:

• JULIUS

Julius II. directed the bull Cum See also:

• TAM, JACOB BEN MEIR (1100-1171)

tam divino (1503), which directed that simoniacal Julius II election of the pope should be declared null; that any one could attack it; that men should withdraw themselves from the obedience of a pope thus elected; that simoniacal agreements should be invalid; that the guilty cardinals should be excommunicate till their death, and that the rest should proceed immediately to a new election . The purpose of this measure was good, but the proposed remedy extremely dangerous; it was fortunately never applied . Similarly, See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul IV. endeavoured by severe punishments to check the intriguing and plotting for the election of a new pope while his predecessor was still living; but the bull Cum secundum (1558) was of no effect . See also:

• PIUS

Pius IV. undertook the task of reforming and completing the legislation of the conclave . The bull In eligendis (of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1st, 1562), signed by all the cardinals, is a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of plus Iv precision and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom . In addition to the points already stated, we may add the- following: that every See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day there was to be a See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny, i.e. a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn voting by specially prepared voting papers (concealing the name of the voter, and to be opened only in case of an election being made at that scrutiny), and that this was to be followed by the " accessit," i.e. a second voting, in which the cardinals might See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer their suffrages to those who had obtained the greatest number of votes in the first . Except in case of urgent matters, the election was to form the whole business of the conclave . The cells were to be assigned by See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot . The functionaries of the conclave were to be elected by the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• VOTE

vote of the Sacred College . The most stringent See also:

• MEASURES

measures were to be taken to ensure seclusion .

The bull Aeterni Patris of Gregory XV . (15th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1621) is a collection of minute regulations . In it is the See also:

• RULE

rule compelling each cardinal, before giving his vote, to take the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath that he will elect him whom he shall See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge to be the most worthy; it also makes rules for the forms of voting and of the voting papers; for the counting, the scrutiny, and in fact all the processes of the election . A second bull, Decet Romanum Pontificem, of the 12th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1622, fixed the ceremonial of the conclave with such minuteness that it has not been changed since . All previous legislation concerning the conclave was codified and renewed by Pius X.'s bull, Vacante Sede Apostolic() (Dec . 25, 1904), which abrogates the earlier texts, except See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo XIII.'s constitution Praedecessores Nostri (May 24, 1882), authorizing occasional derogations in circumstances of difficulty, e.g. the death of a pope away from Rome or an attempt to interfere with the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the Sacred College . The bull of 'Pius X. is rather a codification than a reform, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change being the abolition of the scrutiny of See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession and the substitution of a second See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary scrutiny during the same session . On some occasions exceptional circumstances have given rise to transitory measures . In 1997 and 1798 Pius VI. authorized the cardinals to act contrary to such of the laws concerning the conclave as a majority of them should decide not to observe, as being impossible in practice . Similarly Pius IX., by means of various acts which remained secret up till 1892, had- taken the most minute precautions in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to secure a See also:

• FREE

free and rapid election, and to avoid all interference on the part of the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular powers . We know that the conclaves in which Leo XIII. and Pius X. were elected enjoyed the most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete liberty, and the hypothetical measures foreseen by Pius IX. were not applied . Until after the Great Schism the conclaves were held in various towns outside of Rome; but since then they have all been held in Rome, with the single exception of the conclave of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice (1800), and in most cases in the Vatican .

There was no place permanently established for the purpose, but removable wooden cells were installed in the various apart- ments of the palace, grouped around the Sistine See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, in which the scrutinies took place . The arrangements prepared in the Quirinal in 1823 did See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty only three times, and for the most See also:

• RECENT

recent conclaves it was necessary to arrange an inner enclosure within the vast but irregular palace of the Vatican: Each cardinal is accompanied by a clerk or secretary, known for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason as a conclavist, and by one servant only . With the officials of the conclave, this makes about two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and fifty persons who enter the conclave and have no further com- munication with the outer world save by means of turning-boxes . Since 1870 the solemn ceremonies of earlier times have naturally not been seen; for instance the procession which used to celebrate the entry into conclave; or the daily arrival in See also:

• PRO

pro- cession of the clergy and the brotherhoods to enquire at the " See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

rota " (turning-See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box) of the auditors of the Rota: " Hahemusne Pontificem ? " and their return accompanied by the chanting of the " Veni Creator "; or the " See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal of the Holy Roman See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church and perpetual See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of the conclave " visiting the churches in state . But a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd still collects See also:

• MORNING

morning and evening in the great square of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's, towards the time of the completion of the vote, to look for the See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke which rises from the burning of the voting-papers after each session; when the election has not been effected, a little See also:

• STRAW

straw is burnt with the papers, and the See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of smoke then apprises the spectators that they have still no pope . Within the conclave, the cardinals, alone in the common See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, usually the Sistine chapel, proceed morning and evening to their See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double vote, the direct vote and the " accessit." Sometimes these sessions have been very numerous; for example, in 1740, Benedict XIV. was only elected after 255 scrutinies; on other occasions, however, and notably in the case of the `last few popes, a well-defined majority has soon been evident, and there have been but few scrutinies . Each vote is immediately counted by three scrutators, appointed in rotation, the most minute precautions being taken to ensure that the voting shall be secret and sincere . When one cardinal has at Iast obtained two-thirds of the votes, the See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of the cardinals formally asks him whether he accepts his election, and what name he wishes to assume . As soon as he has accepted, the first " obedience " or " See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration " takes place, and immediately after the first cardinal See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon goes to the Loggia of St Peter's and announces the great See also:

• NEWS

news to the assembled people . The conclave is dissolved; on the following day take place the two other " obediences," and the election is officially announced to the various governments . If the pope be not a bishop (Gregory XVI. was not), he is then consecrated; and finally, a few days after his election, takes place the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation, from which the pontificate is officially dated .

The pope then receives the See also:

• TIARA (Gr. -papa)

tiara with the triple See also:

• CROWN

crown, the sign of his supreme spiritual authority . The ceremony of the coronation goes back to the 9th century, and the tiara, in theformofahighconicalcap,isequallyancient (seeTIASA) . In conclusion, a few words should be said with regard to the right of See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto . In the 16th and 17th centuries the character of the conclaves was determined by the influence of what were then known as the " factions," i.e. the forma- of veer ht tion of the cardinals into See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups according to their See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality or their relations with one of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic courts of Spain, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France or the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, or again according as they favoured the political policy of the late pope or his predecessor . These groups upheld or opposed certain candidates . The Catholic courts naturally entrusted the cardinals " of the crown," i.e. those of their nation, with the See also:

• MISSION

mission of removing, as far as lay' in their power; candidates who were distasteful to their party; the various governments could even make public their See also:

• DESIRE

desire to exclude certain candidates . But they soon claimed an actual right of formal and direct exclusion, which should be notified in the conclave in their name by a cardinal charged with this mission, and should have a decisive effect; this is what has been called the right of veto . We cannot say precisely at what time during the 16th century this transformation of the' practice into a right, tacitly accepted by the Sacred College, took place; it was doubtless See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt to be less dangerous formally to recognize the right of the three sovereigns each to See also:

• OBJECT

object to one candidate, than to See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the inconvenience of objections, such as were formulated on several occasions by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., which, though 'less legal in form, might apply to an indefinite number of candidates . The fact remains, however, that it was a right based on See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, and was not supported by any See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text or written concession; but the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic right was straightforward and definite, and was better than the intrigues of former days . During the 19th century See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria exercised, or tried to exercise, the right of veto at all the conclaves, except that which elected Leo XIII . (1878); it did so again at the conclave of 1903 . On the 2nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August Cardinal See also:

• RAMPOLLA, COUNT MARIANO DEL TINDARO (1843– )

Rampolla had received twenty-nine votes, when Cardinal Kolzielsko Puzina, bishop of See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, declared that the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government opposed the election of Cardinal Rampolla; the Sacred College considered that it ought to yield, and on the 4th of August elected Cardinal Saito, who took the name of Pius X .

By the bull Commissum Nobis (See also:

• JANUARY

January 20, 1904), Pius X. suppressed all right of "veto " or " exclusion " on the part of the secular governments, and forbade, under pain of excommunication reserved to the future pope, any cardinal or conclavist to accept from his government the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of proposing a veto," or to exhibit it to the conclave under any form . BIBLIOGRAr13Y.-The best and most complete See also:

• WORK

work is See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius See also:

• LECTOR, or READER

Lector, Le Conclave, origin, histoire, organisation, legislation ancienne et moderne (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1894) . See also Ferraris, Prompta Bibliotheca, s. v . Papa, See also:

• ART

art. i.; See also:

• MORONI, C
• MORONI, GIAMBATTISTA (c. 1510-1578)

Moroni, Dizionario dierudizione storico-ecclesiastica, s. v . Conclave, Conclavisti, See also:

• CELLA

Cella, Elezione, Esclusiva; Bouix, De See also:

• CURIA

Curia Romano, part i. c. x.; De Papa, part vii . (Paris, 1859, 187D); See also:

• BARBIER, ANTOINE ALEXANDRE (1765–1825)
• BARBIER, HENRI AUGUSTE (1805-1882)
• BARBIER, LOUIS

Barbier de Montauk, Le Conclave (Paris, 1878) . On the conclave of Leo XIII., R. de Cesare, Conclave di Leone XIII . (Rome, 1888) . On the conclave of Pius X . : an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness (Card . Mathieu), Gregory xv . The conclave at Rome .

See also:

• MODERN

Modern procedure . See also:

• LES

Les Derniers fours de See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon XIII et le conclave (Paris, 1904) . See further, for the right of veto: See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, Kirchenrecht, t. v. p, 138; Sagmuller, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Papstwahlen and die See also:

• STEELE
• STEELE, ANNE (1717-1778)
• STEELE, SIR RICHARD (1672-1729)
• STEELE, THOMAS (1788-1848)
• STEELE, WILLIAM (d. 1680)

Steele (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1890); Die Papstwahlbullen and See also:

• DES

des staatliche Recht des Exclusive (Tubingen, 1892) ; Wahrmund, Ausschliessungsrecht der katholischen Staaten (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1888) . (A . BO .