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CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. concordantia, ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V06, Page 832 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CONCORDANCE (See also:Late See also:Lat. concordantia, See also:harmony, from cum, with, and See also:car, See also:heart)  , literally agreement, See also:harmony; hence derivatively a See also:citation of parallel passages, and specifically an alphabetical arrangement of the words contained in a See also:book with citations of the passages in which they occur . Concordances in this last sense were first made for the See also:Bible . Originally the word was only used in this connexion in the plural concordantiae, each See also:group of parallel passages being properly a concordantia . The Germans distinguish between concordances of things and concordances of words, the former indexing the subject See also:matter of a book (" real " See also:concordance), the latter the words (" verbal " concordance) . The See also:original impetus to the making of concordances was due to the conviction that the several parts of the Bible are consistent with each other, as parts of a divine See also:revelation, and may be combined as harmonious elements in one See also:system of spiritual truth . To See also:Anthony of See also:Padua (1195—1231) See also:ancient tradition ascribes the first concordance, the See also:anonymous Concordantiae Morales, of which the basis was the See also:Vulgate . The first See also:authentic See also:work of the See also:kind was due to See also:Cardinal See also:Hugh of St See also:Cher, a Dominican See also:monk (d . 1263), who, in preparing for a commentary on the Scriptures, found the need of a concordance, and is reported to have used for the purpose the services of five See also:hundred of his See also:brother monks . This concordance was the basis of two which succeeded in See also:time and importance, one by See also:Conrad of See also:Halberstadt (fl. c . 1290) and the other by See also:John of See also:Segovia in the next See also:century . This book was published in a greatly improved and amplified See also:form in the See also:middle of the 19th century by See also:David Nutt, of See also:London, edited by T . P .

Dutripon . The first See also:

Hebrew concordance was compiled in 1437—1445 by See also:Rabbi See also:Isaac Nathan b . Kalonymus of See also:Arles . It was printed at See also:Venice in 1523 by See also:Daniel See also:Bomberg, in See also:Basel in 1556, 1569 and 1581 . It was published under the See also:title See also:Meir Natib, " The See also:Light of the Way." In 1556 it was translated into Latin by Johann See also:Reuchlin, but many errors appeared in both the Hebrew and the Latin edition . These were corrected by See also:Marius de See also:Calasio, a Franciscan See also:friar, who published a four See also:volume See also:folio Concordantiae Sacr . Bibl . Hebr. et Latin. at See also:Rome, 1621, much enlarged, with proper names included . An-other concordance based on Nathan's was Johann See also:Buxtorf the See also:elder's Concordantiae Bibl . Ebraicae nova et artificiosa methodo dispositae, Basel, 1632 . It marks a See also:stage in both the arrangement and the knowledge of the roots of words, but can only be used by those who know the massoretic system, as the references aremade by Hebrew letters and relate to rabbinical divisions of the Old Testament . Calasio's concordance was republished in London under the direction of See also:William Romaine in 1747—1749, in four volumes folio, under the patronage of all the monarchs of See also:Europe and also of the See also:pope .

In 1754 John See also:

Taylor, D.D., a Presbyterian divine in See also:Norwich, published in two volumes the Hebrew Concordance adapted to the See also:English Bible, disposed after the manner of Buxtorf . This was the most See also:complete and convenient concordance up to the date of its publication . In the middle of the 19th century Dr See also:Julius See also:Furst issued a thoroughly revised edition of Buxtorf's concordance . The Hebrdischen and chaldtlischen Concordanz zu den .l'leiligen Schriften See also:Allen Testaments (See also:Leipzig, . 1840) carried forward the development of the concordance in several directions . It gave (1) a corrected See also:text founded on See also:Hahn's Vanderhoogt's Bible; (2) the Rabbinical meanings; (3) explanations in Latin, and illustrations from the three . See also:Greek versions, the Aramaic See also:paraphrase, and the Vulgate; (4) the Greek words employed by the See also:Septuagint as renderings of the Hebrew; (5) notes on See also:philology and See also:archaeology, so that the concordance contained a Hebrew See also:lexicon . An English See also:translation by Dr See also:Samuel See also:Davidson was published in 1867 . A revised edition of Buxtorf's work with additions from Furst's was published by B . See also:Bar (See also:Stettin, 1862) . A new concordance embodying the matter of all previous See also:works with lists of proper names and particles was published by See also:Solomon Mandelkern in Leipzig (1896); a smaller edition of the same, without quotations, appeared in a 900 . There are also concordances of Biblical proper names by G .

Brecher (See also:

Frankfort-on-See also:Main, 1876) and Schusslovicz (Wilna,1878) . A Concordance to the Septuagint was published at Frankfort in 1602 by Conrad See also:Kircher of See also:Augsburg; in this the Hebrew words are placed in alphabetical See also:order and the Greek words by which they are translated are placed under them . A Septuagint concordance, giving the Greek words in alphabetical order, was published in 1718 in two volumes by See also:Abraham Tromm, a learned See also:minister at See also:Groningen, then in the eighty-See also:fourth See also:year of his See also:age, It gives the Greek words in alphabetical order; a Latin translation; the Hebrew word or words for which the Greek See also:term is used by the Septuagint; then the places where the words occur in the order of the books and chapters; at the end of the quotations from the Septuagint places are given where the word occurs in See also:Aquila, Symtnachus and Theodotion, the other Greek See also:translations of the O . T.; and the words of the Apocrypha follow in each See also:case . Besides an See also:index to the Hebrew and Chaldaic words there is another index which contains a lexicon to the See also:Hexapla of See also:Origen . In 1887 (London) appeared the Handy Concordance of the Septuagint giving various readings from Codices Vaticanus, Alexandrinus, Sinaiticus and Ephraemi, with an appendix of words from Origen's Hexapla, not found in the above See also:manuscripts, by G . M., without quotations . A work of the best See also:modern scholarship was brought out in 1897 by the See also:Clarendon See also:Press, See also:Oxford, entitled A Concordance to the Septuagint and the other Greek versions of the Old Testament including the Apocryphal Books, by See also:Edwin See also:Hatch and H . A . Redpath, assisted by other scholars; this was completed in 1900 by a See also:list of proper names . The first Greek concordance to the New Testament was published at Basel in 1546 by Sixt Birck or See also:Xystus Betuleius (15oo–1554), a philologist and minister of the Lutheran See also:Church . This was followed by See also:Stephen's concordance (1594) planned by See also:Robert See also:Stephens and published by See also:Henry, his son .

Phoenix-squares

Then in 1638 came Schmied's rauteiov, which has been the basis of subsequent concordances to the New Testament . See also:

Erasmus Schmied or Schmid was a Lutheran divine who was See also:professor of Greek in See also:Wittenberg, where he died in 1637 . Revised See also:editions of the raµLeiov were published at See also:Gotha in 1717, and at See also:Glasgow in 1819 by the University Press . In the middle of the 19th century See also:Charles See also:Hermann B ruder brought out a beautiful edition (See also:Tauchnitz) with many improvements . The apparatus criticus was a See also:triumph of New Testament scholarship . It collates the readings of Erasmus, R . Stephens' third edition, the Elzevirs, See also:Mill, See also:Bengel, See also:Webster, Knapp, Tittman, Scholz, See also:Lachmann . It also gives a selection from the most ancient patristic See also:MSS. and from various interpreters . No various See also:reading of See also:critical value is omitted . An edition of Bruder with readings of Samuel Prideaux See also:Tregelles was published in 1888 under the editorship of See also:Westcott and See also:Hort . The Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament, and the Englishman's Hebrew and See also:Chaldee Concordance, are books intended to put the results of the above-mentioned works at the service, of those who know little Hebrew or Greek . Every word in the Bible is given in Hebrew or Greek, the word is transliterated, and then every passage in which it occurs is given—the word, however it may be translated, being italicized .

They are See also:

tile work of See also:George V . Wigram assisted by W . See also:Burgh and superintended by S . P . Tregelles, B . Davidson and W . See also:Chalk (1843; and ed . ,86o) . Another book which deserves mention is, A Concordance to tke Greek Testament with the English version to each word; the See also:principal Hebrew. roots corresponding to the Greek words• of the Septuagint, with See also:short critical notes and an index, by John See also:Williams, LL.D., Lond . 1767 . In 1884 Robert See also:Young, author of an See also:analytical concordance mentioned below, brought out a Concordance to the Greek New Testament with a See also:dictionary of Bible Words and Synonyms: this contains a concise concordance to eight thousand changes made in the Revised Testament . Another important work of modern scholarship is the Concordance to the Greek Testament, edited by the Rev .

W . F . See also:

Moulton and A . E . Geden, according to the texts adopted by Westcott and Hort, See also:Tischendorf, and the English revisers . The first concordance to the English. version of the New Testament was published in London, 1535, by See also:Thomas Gybson . It is a See also:black-See also:letter volume entitled The Concordance of the New Testament most necessary to be had in the hands of all soche as delyte in the communication of any See also:place contayned in ye New Testament . The first English concordance of the entire Bible was John Marheck's, A Concordance, that is to safe, a worke wherein by the order of the letters of the A.B.C. ye maie redely find any, worde conteigned in the whole Bible, so often as it is there expressed or mentioned, Lond . 1550 . Although Robert Stephens had divided the Bible into verses in 1545, Marbeck does not seem to have known this and refers to the chapters only . In 15.50 also appeared See also:Walter Lynne's translation of the concordance issued by See also:Bullinger, See also:Jude, Pellican and others, of the Reformers, Other English concordances were published by See also:Cotton, See also:Newman, and in abbreviated forms by John Downham or -Downame (ed . 1652), Vavasor See also:Powell (1617-167o), See also:Jackson and Samuel See also:Clarke (1626-1701) .

In x737 See also:

Alexander See also:Cruden (q.v.), a London bookseller, See also:born and educated in See also:Aberdeen, published his Complete Concordance to the See also:Holy Scriptures of the, Old and New Testament, to which is added a concordance to the books called Apocrypha . This book embodied, was based upon and superseded all its predecessors . Though the first edition was not remunerative, three editions were published during Cruden's See also:life, and many since his See also:death . Cruden's work is accurate and full, and later concordances only supersede his by combining an English with a Greek and Hebrew concordance . This is done by the Critical Greek and English Concordance prepared by C . F . See also:Hudson, H . A . See also:Hastings and See also:Ezra See also:Abbot, LL.D., published in See also:Boston, See also:Mass., and by the Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New Testament, by E . L . Bullinger, 1892 . The Interpreting Concordance to the New Testament, edited by See also:James See also:Gall, shows the Greek original of every word, with a glossary explaining the Greek words of the New Testament, and showing their varied renderings in the Authorized Version .

The most convenient of these is Young's Analytical Concordance, published in See also:

Edinburgh in 1879,. and since revised and reissued . It shows (1) the original Hebrew or Greek of any word in the English Bible; (2) the literal and See also:primitive meaning of every such original word; (3) thoroughly reliable parallel passages . There is a Students' Concordance to the Revised Version of the New Testament showing the changes embodied in the revision, published under See also:licence of the See also:universities; and a concordance to the Revised Version by J . A . Thorns for the See also:Christian Knowledge Society . Biblical concordances having familiarized students with the value and use of such books for the systematic study of an author, the practice of making concordances has now become See also:common . There are concordances to the works of See also:Shakespeare, See also:Browning and many other writers . - (D .

End of Article: CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. concordantia, harmony, from cum, with, and car, heart)
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