See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

CONCORDAT (See also:

• LAT

Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from See also:

• CON

con-, together, and See also:

• COR

cor, See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart)  , a See also:

• TERM

term originally denoting an agreement between ecclesiastical persons or See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular persons, but later applied to a pact concluded between the ecclesiastical authority and the secular authority on ecclesiastical matters which concern both, and, more specially, to a pact concluded between the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, as See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and a temporal See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign for the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in the territory of such sovereign . It is to concordats in this later sense that this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article refers . No one now questions the profound distinction that exists between the two See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, spiritual and temporal, between the church and the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Yet these two See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies are none the less in inevitable relation . The same men go to compose both; and the church, albeit pursuing a spiritual end, cannot dispense with the aid of temporal See also:

• PROPERTY

property, which in its nature depends on the organization of secular society . It follows of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity that there are some matters which may be called " mixed," and which are the legitimate concern of the two powers, such as church property, places of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment and the emoluments of ecclesiastical dignitaries, the temporal rights and privileges of the secular and See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, the regulation of public worship, and the like . The existence of such mixed matters gives rise to inevitable conflicts of See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, which may See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, and sometimes have led, to See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . It is, therefore, to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• INTEREST

interest that all these matters should be settled pacifically, by a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord; and hence originated those conventions between the two powers which are known by the significant name of See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

concordat, the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official name being pactum concordatum or solemnis conventio . In theory these agreements may result from the spontaneous and pacific initiative of the contracting parties, but in reality their See also:

• OBJECT

object has almost always been to terminate more or less acute conflicts and remedy more or less disturbed situations . It is for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that concordats always See also:

• PRESENT

present a clearly marked See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of mutual concession, each of the two powers renouncing certain of its claims in the interests of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . For the purposes of a concordat the state recognizes the official status of the church and of its ministers and tribunals; guarantees it certain privileges; and sometimes binds itself to secure for it subsidies representing See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for past spoliations . The pope on his See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side grants the temporal sovereign certain rights, such as that of making or controlling the appointment of dignitaries; engages to proceed in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in the creation of dioceses or parishes; and regularizes the situation produced by the usurpation of church property &c .

The. See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of concordats—indeed their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal utility—consists in transforming necessarily unequal unilateral claims into contractual obligations analogous to those which result from an See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention . Whatever the obligations of the state towards the ecclesiastical society may be in pure theory, in practice they become more precise and See also:

• STABLE

stable when they assume the nature of a bilateral convention by which the state engages itself with regard to a third party . And reciprocally, whatever may be the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute rights of the ecclesiastical society over the appointment of its dignitaries, the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of its property, and the government of its adherents, the exercise of these rights is limited and restricted by the stable engagements and concessions of the concordatory pact, which bind the head of the church with regard to the nations . A concordat may assume See also:

• DIVERS

divers forms,—historically, three . The most common in See also:

• MODERN

modern times is that of a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic convention debated between the authorized mandatories of the high contracting parties and subsequently ratified by the latter; as, for example, the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French concordat of 18o1 . Or, secondly, the concordat may result from two identical See also:

• SEPARATE

separate acts, one emanating from the pope and the other from the sovereign; this was the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the first true concordat, that of See also:

• WORMS

Worms, in 1122 . A third form was employed in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the concordat of 1516 between See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo X. and See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; a papal See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull published the concordat in the form of a concession by the pope, and it was afterwards accepted and published by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king as See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The shades which distinguish these three forms are not without significance, but they in no way detract from the contractual character of concordats . Since concordats are contracts they give rise to that See also:

• SPECIAL

special mutual See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation which results from every agreement freely entered into; for a See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract is binding on both parties to it . Concordats are undoubtedly conventions of a particular nature . They may make certain concessions or privileges once given without any corresponding obligation; they constitute for a given country a special ecclesiastical law; and it is thus that writers have sometimes spoken of concordats as privileges . Again, it is quite certain that the spiritual matters upon which concordats See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear do not concern the two powers in the same manner and in the same degree; and in this sense concordats are not perfectly equal agreements .

Finally, they do not assume the contracting parties to be totally See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, i.e. regard is had to the existence of anterior rights or duties . But with these reservations it must unhesitatingly be said that concordats are bilateral or synallagmatic contracts, from which results an equal mutual obligation for the two parties, who enter into a juridical engagement towards each other . Latterly certain Catholics have questioned this equality of the concordatory obligation, and have aroused keen discussion . According to See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice de See also:

• BONALD, LOUIS GABRIEL AMBROISE, VICOMTE DE (1754-1840)

Bonald (Deux questions sur le concordat de i8or, See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, 1871), who exaggerates the view of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Tarquini (Instil. See also:

• JURIS

juris publ. eccl., 1862 and 1868), concordats would be pure privileges granted by the pope; the pope would not be able to enter into agreements on spiritual matters or impose •estraints upon the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of his successors; and consequently he would not bind himself in any juridical sense and would be able freely to revoke concordats, just as the author of a See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege can withdraw it at his See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . This exaggerated See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument found a certain number of supporters, several of whom nevertheless sensibly weakened it . But the best canonists, from the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor De Angelis (Prael. juris See also:

• CANON

canon. i . 166) onwards, and all jurists, have victoriously refuted this theory, either by insisting on the principles common to all agreements or by citing the formal See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of several concordats and papal acts, which are as explicit as possible . They have thus upheld the true contractual nature of concordats and the mutual juridical obligation which results from them . The foregoing statements must not be taken to mean that concordats are in their nature perpetual, and that they cannot be broken or denounced . They have the See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity of conventions which contain no See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation; but, like every human convention, they can be denounced, in the form in use for international See also:

• TREATIES

treaties, and for See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reasons, which are summed up in the exigencies of the general good of the country . Nevertheless, there is no example of a concordat having been denounced or broken by the popes, whereas several have been denounced or broken by the civil powers, sometimes in the least diplomatic manner, as in the case of the French concordat in 1905 . The rupture of the concordat at once terminates the obligations which resulted from it on both sides; but it does not break off all relation between the church and the state, since the two societies continue to coexist on the same territory .

To the situation defined by concordat, however, succeeds another situation, more or less uncertain and more or less strained, in which the two powers legislate separately on mixed matters, sometimes not without provoking conflicts . We cannot describe in detail the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of concordatory conventions . They bear upon very varied matters,' and we must confine ourselves here to a brief resume . In the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is the official recognition by the state of the Catholic See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion 1 These are arranged under See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five distinct heads in Nussi's Qu+nquaginta conventions de See also:

• REBUS (Lat. rebus, " by things ")

rebus ecclesiasticis (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1869) . VI, 27and its ministers . Sometimes the Catholic religion is declared to be the state religion, and at least the See also:

• FREE

free and public exercise of its worship is guaranteed . Several conventions See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee the free communication of the bishops, clergy and laity with the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See; and this admits of the publication and See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of apostolic letters in matters spiritual . Others define those affairs of See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major importance which may be or must be referred to the Holy See by See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, or the decision of which is reserved to the Holy See . On several occasions concordats have established a new See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of dioceses, and provided that future erections or divisions should be made by a common accord . Analogous provisions have been made with regard to the territorial divisions within the dioceses; parishes have been recast, and the consent of the two authorities has been required for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of new parishes . As regards candidates for ecclesiastical offices, the concordats concluded with Catholic nations regularly give the sovereign the right to nominate or present to bishoprics, often also to other inferior benefices, such as canonries, important parishes and abbeys; or at least the choice of the ecclesiastical authority is submitted to the approval of the civil power . In all cases canonical institution (which confers ecclesiastical jurisdiction) is reserved to the pope or the bishops .

In countries where the head of the state is not a Catholic, the bishops are regularly elected by the chapters, but the civil power has the right to strike out objectionable names from the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of candidates which is previously submitted to it . Other conventions secure the exercise of the jurisdiction of the bishops in their See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese, and determine precisely their authority over seminaries and other ecclesiastical establishments of instruction and See also:

• EDUCATION

education, as well as over public See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, so far as concerns the teaching of religion . Certain concordats See also:

• DEAL

deal with the orders and congregations of monks and nuns with a view to subjecting them to a certain See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control while securing to them the legal exercise of their activities . Ecclesiastical immunities, such as See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation of the criminal cases of the clergy, exemption from military service and other privileges, are expressly maintained in a certam number of pacts . One of the most important subjects is that of church property . An agreement is come to as to the conditions on which pious See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations are able to be made; the measure in which church property shall contribute to the public expenses is indicated; and, in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the position of those who have acquired confiscated church property is regularized . In See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for this surrender by the church of its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient property the state engages to contribute to the subsistence of the ministers of public worship, or at least of certain of them . Scholars agree in associating the earliest concordats with the celebrated contest about investitures (q.v.), which so profoundly agitated See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in the See also:

• RATH, GERHARD VOM (183o-1888)

rath and 12th centuries . The first in date is that which was concluded for See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England with See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. in 1107 by the efforts of St See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm . The convention of See also:

• SUTRI (anc. Sutrium)

Sutri of rill between Pope See also:

• PASCHAL (Paschalis)

Paschal II. and the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Henry V. having been rejected, negotiations were resumed by Pope See also:

• CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656)
• CALIXTUS, or CALLISTUS

Calixtus II. and ended in the concordat of Worms (1122), which was confirmed in 1177 by the convention between See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander III. and the emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I . In this concordat a distinction was made between spiritual See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture, by the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring and See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and See also:

• LAY

lay or feudal investiture, by the See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre . The emperor renounced investiture by ring and staff, and permitted canonical elections; the pope on his See also:

• PART

part recognized the king's right to perform lay investiture and to assist at elections .

Analogous to this convention was the concordat concluded between See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas IV. and the king of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal in 1289 . The lengthy discussions on ecclesiastical benefices in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany ended finally in the concordat of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, promulgated by Nicholas V. in 1448 . Already at the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance attempts had been made to reduce the excessive papal reservations and taxes in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of benefices, privileges which had been established under the See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon popes and during the Great See also:

• SCHISM

Schism; for example, See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin V. had had to make with the different nations special arrangements which were valid for five years only, and by which he renounced the revenues of vacant benefices . The council of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel went further: it suppressed II See also:

• ANNATES (Lat. annatae, from annus, " year ")

annates and all the See also:

• BENEFICE (Lat. beneficium, benefit)

benefice reservations which did not appear in the Corpus Juris . See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius IV. repudiated the Basel decrees, and the negotiations terminated in what was called the " concordat of the princes," which was accepted by Eugenius IV. on his See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed (bulls of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 5 and 7, 1447) . In February 1448 Nicholas V. concluded the arrangement,which took the name of the concordat of Vienna . This concordat, however, was not received as law of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . In Germany the concessions made to the pope and the reservations maintained by him in the matter of taxes and benefices were deemed excessive, and the prolonged discontent which resulted was one of the causes of the success of the Lutheran See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . In France the opposition to the papal exactions had been still more marked . In 1438 the Pragmatic See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

Sanction of See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges adopted and put into practice the Basel decrees, and in spite of the incessant protests of the Holy See the Pragmatic was observed throughout the 15th century, even after its nominal abolition by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI. in 1461 . The situation was modified by the concordat of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, which was personally negotiated by Leo X. and Francis I. of France at Bologna in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1515, inserted in the bull Primitiva (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 18, 1516), and promulgated as law of the See also:

• REALM

realm in 1517, but not without rousing keen opposition . All bishoprics, abbeys and priories were in the royal nomination, the canonical institution belonging to the pope .

The pope pre-served the right to nominate to vacant benefices in See also:

• CURIA

curia and to certain benefices of the chapters, but all the others were in the nomination of the bishops or other inferior collators . However, the exercise of the pope's right of See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision still See also:

• LEFT

left considerable See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for papal intervention, and the pope retained the annates . In the 17th century we have only to mention the concordat between See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban VIII. and the emperor See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand II. for Bohemia in 164o . In the 18th century concordats are numerous: there are two for See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; in 1737 and 1753; two for the duchy of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, in 1757 and 1784; one for See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, in 1736; five for See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia and See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, in 1727, 1741, 1742, 1750 and 1770; and one for the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1741 . After the See also:

• POLITICAL

political and territorial upheavals which marked the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the ,9th, all these concordats either See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the ground or had to be recast . In the 19th century we find a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of concordats, of which a good number are still in force . The first in date and importance is that of 18o,, concluded for France between See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, First See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul, and See also:

• PIUS

Pius VII. after laborious negotiations . See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save in the provisions See also:

• RELATING

relating to ecclesiastical benefices, all the property of which had been confiscated, it reproduced the concordat of 1516 . The pope condoned those who had acquired church property; and by way of compensation the government engaged to give the bishops and See also:

• CURES

cures suitable salaries . The concordat was solemnly promulgated on See also:

• EASTER

Easter See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day 1802, but the government had added to it unilateral provisions of Gallican tendencies, which were known as the Organic Articles . After having been the law of the Church of France for a century, it was denounced by the French government in 1905 . It remains, however, partly in force for See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium and See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, which formed part of French territory in ,8o, .

We conclude with a brief See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological survey of the concordats during the 19th century, some now abrogated or replaced, others maintained . It must be observed that the denunciation of a concordat by a nation does not necessarily See also:

• ENTAIL (from Fr. tailler, to cut; the old derivation from tales haeredes is now abandoned)

entail the separation of the church and the state in that country or the rupture of diplomatic relations with Rome . 1803 . For the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, between Napoleon and Pius VII., analogous to the French concordat; abrogated . 1813 . It is impossible to designate as a concordat the concessions which were wrested by violence from Pius VII. when See also:

• ILL

ill and in seclusion at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau, and which he at once retracted . 1817 . For See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria; still in force . 1817 . New French concordat, in which Louis XVIII. endeavoured to revive the concordat of 1516; but it was not put to the See also:

• VOTE

vote in the See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, and never came into force . 1817 . For Piedmont, completed in 1836 and 1841; wassuppressed, like all other Italian concordats, by the formation of the kingdom of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy .

1818 . For the Two Sicilies, completed in 1834i lasted until the invasion of the kingdom of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples by Piedmont . 1821 . For See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia; still in force . 1821 . For the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine provinces not incorporated in Prussia, with the special object of regulating episcopal elections; concerned See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden, See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse, See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau, See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, the Hanseatic towns, See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg and Waldeck . This first concordat was immediately suspended, and was not ratified until 1827; it is partially maintained . It had to be replaced by new concordats concluded with Wurttemberg in 1857 and the See also:

• GRAND

grand-duchy pf Baden in 1859; but these conventions, not having been ratified by those countries, never came into force . 1824 . For the kingdom of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover; maintained . 1827 . For Belgium and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland; abandoned by a common accord .

1828 and 1845 . For See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, for the reorganization of the bishoprics of Basel and See also:

• SOLEURE
• SOLEURE (Ger. Solothurn)

Soleure; in force . 1847 . For See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, never applied by Russia . It was followed by several partial conventions . 1851 . For See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany; lasted until the formation of the kingdom of Italy . 1851 . For Spain, completed in 1859 and 1888; in force . A convention on the religious orders was concluded in 1904, but had not received the assent of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate in 1908 . 1855 . For See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; denounced in 187o .

Several of its provisions are maintained by unilateral See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• LAWS

laws . The emperor of Austria continues to nominate to bishoprics by virtue of rights anterior to this concordat . 1857 . For Portugal, completed in 1886 for the Portuguese possessions in the Indies; in force . 1886 . For See also:

• MONTENEGRO

Montenegro; in force . The numerous concordats concluded towards the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the l9th century with several of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American republics either have not come into force or have been denounced and replaced by a more or less pacific modus vivendi . For texts see Vincenzio Nussi, Quinquaginta conventiones de rebus ecdesiasticis (Rome, 1869; See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, 1870) ; Branden, Concordata inter S . Sedem et inclytam nationem Germaniae, &c . (undated) . On the nature and obligation of concordats see Mgr . Giobbio, I Concordats (See also:

• MONZA (locally Monscia)

Monza, 190o) ; idem, Lezioni di diplonaazia ecclesiastica (Rome, 1899—1903) ; Cardinal Cavagnis, Institutions juris publici ecclesiastici (Rome, 1906) .

For the French concordats see A . Baudrillard, Quatre cents ans de concordat (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1905) Boulay de la Meurthe, Documents sur la negotiation du concordat et sur See also:

• LES

les autres rapports de la France avec le See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

Siege (Paris, 1891–1905) ; Cardinal Mathieu, Le Concordat de 18o1 (Paris, 19o3); E . Sevestre, Le Concordat de 18o1, l'histoire, le texte, la destine (Paris, 1905) . On the relations between the church and the state in various countries see Vering, Kirchenrecht, §§ 3o-53 . (A .