See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

ETIENNE BONNOT DE See also:

• ETIENNE BONNOT DE CONDILLAC (1715—178o)

CONDILLAC (1715—178o)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GRENOBLE

Grenoble of a legal See also:

• FAMILY

family on the 30th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1715, and, like his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother, the well-known See also:

• POLITICAL

political writer, See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe de Mably, took See also:

• HOLY

holy orders and became abbe de Mureau.' In both cases the profession was hardly more than nominal, and See also:

• CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE (1715—178o)

Condillac's whole See also:

• LIFE

life, with the exception of an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• PARMA

Parma, was devoted to See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . His See also:

• WORKS

works are Essai sur l'origine See also:

• DES

des connaissances humaines (1746), Traite des systemes (1749), Tyaite des sensations (I 754), Traite des animaux (1755) , a comprehensive Cours d'etudes (1767—1773) in 13 vols., written for the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of Parma, a See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV., Le See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce et le gouvernement, consideres relativement l'un a l'autre (1776), and two See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous works, Logique (1781) and the unfinished Langue des calculs (1798) . In his earlier days in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris he came much into contact with the circle of See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot . A friendship with See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, which lasted in some measure to the end, may have been due in the first instance to the fact that Rousseau had been domestic tutor in the family of Condillac's See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, M. de Mably, 1 i.e. See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot in commenaam of the Premonstratensian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Mureau in the See also:

• VOSGES
• VOSGES (Lat. Vogesus or Vosagus, Ger. Wasgau or Vogesen)

Vosges . (Ed.) From this follows Though Condillac's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius was not of the highest See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, he is important both as a psychologist and as having established systematically in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the principles of See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke, whom See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire had lately made fashionable . In setting forth his empirical sensationism, Condillac shows many of the best qualities of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and nation, lucidity, brevity, moderation and an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest striving after logical method . Unfortunately it must be said of him as of so many of his contemporaries, " er See also:

• HAT

hat See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Theile in seiner See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

Hand, fehlt !See also:

• EIDER
• EIDER (Icelandic, idur)

eider nur der geistiger See also:

• BAND

Band "; in the See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the human mind on which his fame chiefly rests, he has missed out the active and spiritual See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of human experience . His first See also:

• BOOK

book, the Essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines, keeps See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to his See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . He accepts with some indecision Locke's See also:

• DEDUCTION (from Lat. deducere, to take or lead from or out of, derive)

deduction of our knowledge from two See also:

• SOURCES

sources, sensation and reflection, and uses as his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main principle of explanation the association of ideas . His next book, the Traite des systemes, is a vigorous See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of those modem systems which are based upon abstract principles or upon unsound hypotheses . His polemic, which is inspired throughout with the spirit of Locke, is directed against the innate ideas of the Cartesians, See also:

• MALEBRANCHE, NICOLAS (1638-1715)

Malebranche's See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty—See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology, See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz's monadism and pre-established See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony, and, above all, against the conception of substance set forth in the first See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics of See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza . By far the most important of his works is the Traits des sensations, in which he emancipates himself from the tutelage of Locke and treats psychology in his own characteristic way .

He had been led, he tells us, partly by the criticism of a talented See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, Mademoiselle See also:

• FERRAND, ANTOINE FRANCOIS CLAUDE, COMTE

Ferrand, to question Locke's See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine that the senses give us intuitive knowledge of See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, that the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, for example, See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges naturally of shapes, sizes, positions and distances . His discussions with the lady had convinced him that to clear up such questions it was necessary to study our senses separately, to distinguish precisely what ideas we owe to each sense, to observe how the senses are trained, and how one sense See also:

• AIDS

aids another . The result, he was confident, would show that all human faculty and knowledge are transformed sensation only, to the exclusion of any other principle, such as reflection . The See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the book is that the author imagines a statue organized inwardly like a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, animated by a soul which has never received an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, into which no sense-impression has ever penetrated . He then unlocks its senses one by one, beginning with See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell, as the sense that contributes least to human knowledge . At its first experience of smell, the consciousness of the statue is entirely occupied by it; and this occupancy of consciousness is See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . The statue's smell-experience will produce See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure or See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain; and pleasure and pain will thenceforward be the master-principle which, determining all the operations of its mind, will raise it by degrees to all the knowledge of which it is capable . The next See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage is memory, which is the lingering impression of the smell-experience upon the attention: " memory is nothing more than a mode of feeling." From memory springs comparison: the statue experiences the smell, say, of a See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose, while remembering that of a See also:

• CARNATION (Dianthus Caryophyllus, natural order Caryophyllaceae)

carnation; and " comparison is nothing more than giving one's attention to two things simultaneously." And " as soon as the statue has comparison it has See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment." Comparisons and judgments become habitual, are stored in the mind and formed into See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, and thus arises the powerful principle of the association of ideas . From comparison of past and See also:

• PRESENT

present experiences in respect of their 'pleasure-giving quality arises See also:

• DESIRE

desire; it is desire that determines the operation of our faculties, stimulates the memory and See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, and gives rise to the passions . The passions, also, are nothing but sensation trans-formed . These indications will suffice to show the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general course of the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument in the first See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Traite des sensations . To show the thoroughness of the treatment it will be enough to quote the headings of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief remaining chapters: " Of the Ideas of a Man limited to the Sense of Smell," " Of a Man limited to the Sense of See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

Hearing," " Of Smell and Hearing combined," " Of See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

Taste by itself, and of Taste combined with Smell and Hearing," " Of a Man limited to the Sense of Sight." In the second section of the See also:

• TREATISE

treatise Condillac invests his statue with the sense of See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch, which first informs it of the existence of See also:

• EXTERNAL

external objects .

In a very careful and elaborate analysis, he distinguishes the various elements in our tactile experiences—the touching of one's own See also:

• BODY

body, the touching of objects other than one's own body, the experience of See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, the exploration of surfaces by the hands: he traces the growth of the statue's perceptions of See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension, distance and shape . The third section deals with the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of touch with the other senses . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth section deals with the desires, activities and ideas of an isolated man who enjoys See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of all the senses; and ends with observations on a " See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild boy " who was found living among bears in the forests of Lithuania . The conclusion of the whole See also:

• WORK

work is that in the natural order of things everything has its source in sensation, and yet that this source is not equally abundant in all men; men differ greatly in the degree of vividness with which they feel; and, finally, that man is nothing but what he has acquired; all innate faculties and ideas are to be swept away: The last dictum suggests the difference that has been made to this manner of psychologizing by See also:

• MODERN

modern theories of See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution and See also:

• HEREDITY

heredity . Condillac's work on politics and See also:

• HISTORY

history, contained, for the most part, in his Cours d'etudes, offers few features of See also:

• INTEREST

interest, except so far as it illustrates his close See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity to English thought: he had not the warmth and imagination to make a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good historian . In See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, on which he wrote extensively, he is far less successful than in psychology . He enlarges with much iteration, but with few See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete examples, upon the supremacy of the See also:

• ANALYTIC (the adjective of " analysis," q.v.)

analytic method; argues that reasoning consists in the substitution of one proposition for another which is identical with it; and See also:

• LAYS

lays it down that See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science is the same thing as a well-constructed See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, a proposition which in his Langue des calculs he tries to prove by the example of See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic . His logic has in fact the good and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad points that we might expect to find in a sensationist who knows no science but See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . He rejects the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval apparatus of the See also:

• SYLLOGISM (Gr. ovAAoytvµos, from en', and Xb-yor, an argument resulting from combination, i.e. of premises)

syllogism; but is precluded by his standpoint from understanding the active, spiritual See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of thought; nor had he that interest in natural science and appreciation of inductive reasoning which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the chief merit of J . S . See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill . It is obvious enough that Condillac's See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-spiritual psychology, with its explanation of See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality as an aggregate of sensations, leads straight to See also:

• ATHEISM (from Gr. as, privative, and Oebs, God)

atheism and See also:

• DETERMINISM (Lat. determinare, to prescribe or limit)

determinism .

There is, however, no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to question the sincerity with which he repudiates both these consequences . What he says upon See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion is always in harmony with his profession; and he vindicated the freedom of the will in a dissertation that has very little in See also:

• COMMON

common with the Traite des sensations to which it is appended . The common reproach of See also:

• MATERIALISM (from Lat. materia, matter)

materialism should certainly not be made against him . He always asserts the substantive reality of the soul; and in the opening words of his Essai, " Whether we rise to See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, or descend to the See also:

• ABYSS (Gr. as, privative, ,6u6QOs, bottom)

abyss, we never get outside ourselves—it is always our own thoughts that we perceive, we have the subjectivist principle that forms the starting-point of See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley . As was fitting to a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of Locke, Condillac's ideas have had most importance in their effect upon English thought . In matters connected with the association of ideas, the supremacy of pleasure and pain, and the general explanation of all See also:

• MENTAL

mental contents as sensations or transformed sensations, his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence can be traced upon the See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

Mills and upon See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain and See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer . And, apart from any definite propositions, Condillac did a notable work in the direction of making psychology a science; it is a See also:

• GREAT

great step from the desultory, genial observation of Locke to the rigorous analysis of Condillac, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-sighted and defective as that analysis may seem to us in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller knowledge . at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons . Thanks to his natural caution and reserve, Condillac's relations with unorthodox philosophers did not injure his career; and he justified abundantly the choice of the French court in sending him to Parma to educate the See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan duke, then a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of seven years . In 1768, on his return from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, he was elected to the French See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, but attended no See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting after his reception . He spent his later years in retirement at See also:

• FLUX (Lat. fluxus, a flowing; this being also the meaning of the English term in medicine, &c.)

Flux, a small See also:

• PROPERTY

property which he had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased near See also:

• BEAUGENCY

Beaugency, and died there on the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1780 . His method, however, of imaginative reconstruction was by no means suited to English ways of thinking .

In spite of his protests against See also:

• ABSTRACTION (Lat. abs and trahere)

abstraction, See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis and See also:

• SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis, his See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory of the statue is in the highest degree abstract, hypothetical and synthetic . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Mill, who stood more by the study of concrete realities, put Condillac into the hands of his youthful son with the warning that here was an example of what to avoid in the method of psychology . In France Condillac's doctrine, so congenial to the See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century philosophism, reigned in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for over fifty years, challenged only by a few who, like See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine de Biran, saw that it gave no sufficient See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of volitional experience . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in the 19th century, the romantic awakening of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany had spread to France, and sensationism was displaced by the eclectic See also:

• SPIRITUALISM

spiritualism of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

Cousin . Condillac's collected works were published in 1798 (23 vols.) and two or three times subsequently; the last edition (1822) has an See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory dissertation by A . F . Thery . The Encyclopedie methodique has a very See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on Condillac (Naigeon) . See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical details and criticism of the Traite des systemes in J . P . See also:

• DAMIRON, JEAN PHILIBERT (1794-1862)

Damiron's Memoir-es pour servir d l'histoire de la philosophie au dixhuitieme siecle, tome iii.; a full criticism in V . Cousin's Cours de l'histoire de la philosophie modern, See also:

• SER

ser. i. tome iii .

Consult also F . Rethore, Condillac ou l'empirisme et le rationalisme (1864); L . Dewaule, Condillac et la psychologie anglaise contemporaine (1891) ; histories of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . (H .