See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT FEDERICO See also:

• COUNT FEDERICO CONFALONIERI (1785-1846)

CONFALONIERI (1785-1846)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian revolutionist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, descended from a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble Lombard See also:

• FAMILY

family . In ,8o6 he married Teresa Casati . During the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period See also:

• CONFALONIERI, FEDERICO, COUNT (1785-1846)

Confalonieri was among the opponents of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French regime, and was regarded as one of the leaders of the Italian purl, or Italian See also:

• NATIONAL

national party . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Milan riots of 1814, when the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister See also:

• PRINA, GIUSEPPE (1768–1814)

Prina was assassinated, Confalonieri was unjustly accused of complicity in the See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed . After the fall of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon he went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris with the other Lombard delegates to plead his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country's cause, advocating the formation of a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Lombard See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state under an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . But he received no encouragement, for See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy was destined for See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Castlereagh consoled him by II saying that " the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was the most beneficent in the See also:

• WORLD

world." Confalonieri went on to See also:

• LONDON

London, in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of winning the favour of the See also:

• BRITISH

British government, but failed in his See also:

• OBJECT

object . He then joined the freemasons and some of the various other See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies with which all See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was swarming, being initiated by Filippo Buonarroti (1761-1837), an old Tuscan Jacobin living in Paris . On returning to Milan, where he found the Austrians in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, he at first devoted himself to promoting the material progress of his country, but he was ever watching for an opportunity to liberate it from the foreigner . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1821, when the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere was thick with rumours of revolt, he visited various parts of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy to See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound the liberal leaders, and also corresponded with the Piedmontese See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who, believing that they had the approval of Prince See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert of See also:

• CARIGNANO

Carignano, the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, were planning a military revolt . There was talk of a rising at Milan combined with a Piedmontese invasion to expel the Austrians, but the plans were very vague and unpractical, for the military conspirators could See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count only on a few See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred men, and" Confalonieri warned them that Lombardy was not ready . On the outbreak of the Piedmontese revolt (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March-See also:

• APRIL

April 1821) the Austrian authorities made some arrests, and, through the treachery of one conspirator and the foolishness of others, discovered the See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot, if it could so be called, and arrested Silvio See also:

• PELLICO, SILVIO (1788-1854)

Pellico and Maroncelli and afterwards Confalonieri . A See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long trial now began, conducted with all the rigour and secrecy of the Austrian See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure, and Confalonieri, outwitted by the astute examining See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate, A .

Salvotti (d . 1866), contradicted himself, made fatal admissions, even compromised others, and together with several companions was condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death for high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, but through the intercession of his wife and See also:

• FATHER

father, who went to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna to plead his cause in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis commuted the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty to perpetual imprisonment in the fortress of Spielberg (See also:

• JANUARY

January 1824) . Confalonieri was taken to Vienna and had a long interview with Prince Metternich, who tried to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract further confessions incriminating other persons, especially Charles Albert, but although Confalonieri seemed at one time inclined to prepare a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the revolutionary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for the emperor, he did not do so, and once he was in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison he refused to say or write another word, and was treated with exceptional severity in consequence . His wife died in 183o, and in 1836, on the death of the emperor Francis, he was pardoned and exiled to . See also:

• AMERICA

America . He came back to Europe after a See also:

• YEAR

year's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, and in 184o obtained permission to return to Milan to see his dying father . He himself, broken in See also:

• HEALTH

health and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, died on the See also:

• ROTH, JUSTUS LUDWIG ADOLF (1818-1892)

roth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1846, too soon to see the accomplishment of Italian freedom . He had undoubtedly played a considerable role in the See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of 1821, being the most influential and richest of the Milanese Liberals; when first arrested his conduct may have been open to See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, but he more than expiated any temporary weakness due to See also:

• ILL

ill-health and to the barbarous methods of examination by his heroic attitude during his long imprisonment, and his persistent refusal to accept offers of See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon accompanied by dishonouring conditions . His Memoire e Lettere have been edited by Gabrio Casati (2 vols., Milan, 189o) . A . D'See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona's Federico Confalonieri (Milan, 1898) is based on the See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs and on a large number of secret documents from the archives of Vienna and Milan . A .

Luzio's See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Salvotti e i processi del Ventuno (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1901) contains many fresh documents which to some extent exonerate Salvotti from the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty; among other papers Metternich's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his interview with Confalonieri is given in full . See also A . Lazio, Nuovi documenti sul processo Confalonieri (Rome, 1908) . (L . V.*) CONFARREAT!O, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient patrician See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage among the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, especially necessary at the nuptials of those whose See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children were intended to be vestal virgins or flamens of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter . The name originated in the See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride and bridegroom sharing a cake of spelt (far or panis farreus), in the presence of the See also:

• PONTIFEX

pontifex See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

maximus, fiamen dialis, and ten witnesses . This form of marriage could only be dissolved by another equally See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn ceremony, which was called difJarreatio . In later re-publican times, confarreatio became obsolete except in thecase of the most sacred priesthoods—the flamines and the rex sacrorum . Confarreatio was the most solemn of the three forms of marriage (q.v.), but in later times the ceremony See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into disuse, and See also:

• CICERO

Cicero mentions but two, coemptio and uses .