See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, See also:

• LAT

Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a See also:

• LEAGUE

league, foederare, to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a league)  , primarily any See also:

• LEAGUE

league, or See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of See also:

• PEOPLE

people, or bodies of people . The See also:

• TERM

term in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• POLITICAL

political use is generally confined to a permanent union of See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign states, for certain See also:

• COMMON

common purposes, e.g. the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation (Bund), established by the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1815, and the Confederation of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine (Rheinbund), a league of certain German states under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon (1806-1813) . The See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers by which See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was governed after 1815 was sometimes, especially by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I., called the " Confederation of Europe "; but this expressed rather a pious aspiration than the actual See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs . The distinction between Confederation and Federation (see FEDERAL See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

GOVERNMENT), synonymous in their origin, has been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the political terminology of the See also:

• UNITED

United States . Up to 1789 these were a Confederation; then the word Federation, or Federal See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, was introduced as implying closer union . This distinction was emphasized during the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War between See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South, the seceding states forming a Confederation (Confederate States of See also:

• AMERICA

America) in opposition to the Federal Union . Confederation thus comes to mean a union of sovereign states in which the stress if laid on the sovereign See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of each constituent See also:

• BODY

body (cf. the German Staatenbund); Federation implies a union of states in which the stress is laid on the supremacy of the common government (Ger . Bundesstaat) . The distinction is, however, by no means universally observed . The variant " Confederacy," derived through the Anglo-See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French confederacie, and meaning generally a league or union, whether of states or individuals, was applied in America in the sense of Confederation to the seceding See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern states (see above) . In its political sense, however, confederacy has generally come to mean rather a temporary league of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent states for certain purposes . As applied to individuals, while " confederation " is used of certain open unions of people for political or other purposes (e.g. the Miners' Confederation), " confederacy " —from its obsolete legal sense of See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy—has come frequently to imply a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond, a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination for illicit purposes, or of persons whose identity is not disclosed .