See also:

• CONFESSIONAL (Late Lat. confessionale, neut. adj. from confessionalis, " pertaining to confession," Fr. confessional, Ital. confessionale)

CONFESSIONAL (See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. confessionale, neut. adj. from confessionalis, " pertaining to See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession," Fr. confessional, Ital. confessionale)  , a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box, See also:

• CABINET

cabinet or See also:

• STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors

stall, in which the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches sits to hear the confessions of penitents . The See also:

• CONFESSIONAL (Late Lat. confessionale, neut. adj. from confessionalis, " pertaining to confession," Fr. confessional, Ital. confessionale)

confessional is usually a wooden structure, with a centre compartment—entered through a See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door or See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain—in which the priest sits, and on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side a latticed opening for the penitents to speak through, and a step on which they kneel . By this arrangement the priest is hidden, but the penitent is visible to the public . Confessionals sometimes See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• PART

part of the architectural See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; many finely decorated specimens, dating from the See also:

• LATE

late 16th and the 17th centuries, are to be found in churches on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . A notable example, in See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, is in the church of St See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel at See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain . But, more usually, confessionals are movable pieces of See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture . The confessional in its See also:

• MODERN

modern form See also:

• DATES

dates no farther back than the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and Du Cange cites the See also:

• YEAR

year 1563 for an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early use of the word confessionale for the sacrum poenitentiae tribunal . Originally the See also:

• TERM

term was applied to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr or " See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor " (in the sense of one who confesses See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ) had been buried . There are, however, instances (e.g. the confessional of St Trophimus at See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles) where the name was attached to the spot, whether See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell or seat, where noted See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints were wont to hear confessions . In the popular See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant view confessional boxes are associated with the scandals, real or supposed, of the practice of auricular See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession . They were, however, devised to guard against such scandals by securing at once essential publicity and a reasonable privacy, and by separating priest and penitent . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages stringent rules were laid down, in this latter respect, by the See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of confessions by See also:

• WOMEN

women and especially nuns .

In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, before the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, publicity was reckoned the best safeguard . Thus See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds, in 1322, says in his Constitutions: " Let the priest choose for himself a See also:

• COMMON

common place for See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing confessions, where he may be seen generally by all in the church; and do not let him hear any one, and especially any woman, in a private place, except in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity." It would seem that the priest usually heard confessions at the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel opening or at a See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench end in the See also:

• NAVE

nave near the chancel . There is, however, in some churchwardens' accounts mention of a See also:

• SPECIAL

special seat: " the shryving See also:

• STOOL

stool," " shriving See also:

• PEW (Mid. Eng. puwe, through O. Fr. puya, pui, mod, puy, in the sense of hill, cf. appuyer, to lean against; from Lat. podium, a high place, balcony; Gr. lrb&ov, pedestal, 'roes, foot)

pew " or " shriving place " (Gasquet, See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

Parish See also:

• LIFE

Life in Mediaeval England, p . 199) . At Lenham in See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent there is an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient armchair in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, with a stone bench and steps on one side, which appears to be a confessional . With the revival of the practice of auricular confession in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Church, confessionals were introduced into some of the more " extreme " See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican churches . Since, however, they certainly formed no part of " the furniture of the church " in the " second year of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI." they can hardly be considered as covered by the " Ornaments See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

Rubric " in the See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer-See also:

• BOOK

Book . The question of their legality was raised in 1900 in the case of Davey v . Hinde (See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar of the church of the See also:

• ANNUNCIATION

Annunciation at See also:

• BRIGHTON

Brighton) tried before Dr Tristram in the See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• CHICHESTER

Chichester . They were condemned " on the ground that they are not articles of church furniture requisite for or conducive to conformity with the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine or practice of the Church of England in relation to the reception of confession" (C . Y . See also:

• STURGE, JOSEPH (1793-1859)

Sturge, Points of Church Law, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1907, p .

137)• " Confessional," in the sense of a due payable for the right to hear confession, is now obsolete . As an See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective confessional is used in two senses: (1) of the nature of, or belonging to confession, e.g . " confessional prayers "; (2) connected with confessions of faith, or See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds, e.g . " confessional See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences." (W . A .