See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

CONFIRMATION OF BISHOPS  . In See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation is the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act by which the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of a new See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop receives the assent of the proper ecclesiastical authority . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early centuries of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church the election or See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of a See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan bishop was confirmed and approved by the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan and his suffragans assembled in See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod . By the 4th canon of the first See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea (A.D . 325), however, it was decreed that the right of confirmation should belong to the metropolitan bishop of each See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, a See also:

• RULE

rule confirmed by the 12th canon of the council of Laodicaea . For the appointment of a metropolitan no papal confirmation was required either in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West or See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East; but the practice which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up, from the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century onwards, of the popes presenting the See also:

• PALLIUM

pallium (q.v.), at first honoris causa, to newly appointed metropolitans gradually came to symbolize the See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to exercise metropolitan See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . By the 8th and 9th centuries the papal right of confirmation by this means was strenuously asserted; yet as See also:

• LATE

late as the 13th century there were instances of metropolitans exercising their functions without receiving the pallium, and it was not till after this date that the See also:

• PRESENT

present rule and practice of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church was definitively established (see See also:

• HINSCHIUS, PAUL (1835–1898)

Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, ii. p . 28 and notes) . The canonical right of the metropolitan to confirm the election of his suffragans was still affirmed by See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian; but from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander III . (1159—1181) the canon lawyers, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the False See also:

• DECRETALS (Epistolae decretales)

Decretals, began to claim this right for the pope (Febronius, De statu ecclesiae, 2nd ed., 1765, cap. iv . § 3, 2) . From the 13th century onwards it was effectively exercised, though the all but universal practice of the popes of reserving and providing to vacant bishoprics, initiated by See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement V., obscured the issue, since in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of papal nominations no confirmation was required .

The question, however, was raised, in connexion with that of the papal reservations and provisions, at the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance and See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel . The former shelved it in the interests of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace; but the latter once more formulated the principle that elections in the churches were to be See also:

• FREE

free and their result confirmed according to the provisions of the See also:

• COMMON

common law (juxta See also:

• JURIS

juris communis dispositionem), i.e. by " the immediate See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior " to whom the right of confirmation belonged (Febronius, op. cit . Appendix, p . 784) . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where the abuse of provisors had been most acutely See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, the See also:

• MATTER

matter was dealt with during the vacancy of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See between the deposition of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• XXIII

XXIII. at Constance (May 1415) and the election of See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin V . (See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1417) . During the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval the only possible way of appointing a bishop was by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient method of canonical election and confirmation . Shortly after the deposition of John XXIII., See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry V. assented to an See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance that during the voidance of the Holy See bishops-elect should be confirmed by their metropolitans (Rotuli Parliamentorum, iv. p . 71); but the ordinance was not recorded on the See also:

• STATUTE

Statute See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

Roll . Three bishops only, namely, John Chaundeler of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund de Lacey of See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford and John Wakering of See also:

• NORWICH
• NORWICH, GEORGE GORING, EARL OF (1583?-1663)

Norwich, were confirmed by the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury during the papal vacancy . When Martin V. was elected pope in 1417 he resumed the practice of providing bishops, and from this time until the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation the canonical election and confirmation of a bishop in England was a rare exception . In Roman Catholic countries the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the papacy over the election and appointment of bishops has since the Reformation become firmly established, in spite of the efforts of Gallicans and " Febronians " to reassert what they held to be the more Catholic usage (see See also:

• GALLICANISM

GALLICANISM; See also:

• FEBRONIANISM

FEBRONIANISM; BISHOP) .

In England at the Reformation the See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the papacy in appointing bishops was abolished, but the confirmation became almost formal in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . By 25 See also:

• HEN

Hen, VIII. c . 20, s . 4, it is provided that after an episcopal election a royal See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate shall issue to the archbishop of the province " requiring him to confirm the said election," or, in case of an archbishop-elect, to one See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop and two bishops, or to four bishops, " requiring and commanding " them " with all See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed and celerity to confirm " it . This practice still prevails in the case of dioceses which have chapters to elect . The confirmation has usually been performed by the archbishop's See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, and, in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern province, at the church of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary-le-See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow, See also:

• LONDON

London; but since 1901 it has been performed, in See also:

• PART

part, at the Church See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, in consequence of the disorder in the proceedings at Bow church on the confirmation there of Dr Winnington See also:

• INGRAM, JAMES (1774-1850)
• INGRAM, JOHN KELLS (1823-1907)

Ingram as bishop of London . Allobjectors are cited toappearon See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of See also:

• CONTUMACY (Lat. contumacia, obstinacy; derived from the root tem-, as in temnere,' t'o_despise, or possibly from the root tum-, as in tumere, to swell, with anger, &c.)

contumacy after the old See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form; but although the knowledge that opposition might be offered has been a safeguard against improper nominations, e.g. in the case of Dr See also:

• CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
• CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
• CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
• CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
• CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
• CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
• CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
• CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
• CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
• CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
• CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
• CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)

Clarke the Arian, confirmation has never been refused since the Reformation . In 1628 Dr See also:

• RIVES, WILLIAM CABELL (1793-1868)

Rives, acting for the vicar-general, declined to receive objections made to See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Montague's election to the see of See also:

• CHICHESTER

Chichester on the ground that they were not made in legal form . An informal protest against the confirmation of Dr See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee of See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester in 1848 was almost immediately followed by another in due form against that of Dr See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden, elect of Hereford . The vicar-general refused to receive the objections, and an application to the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen's See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench for a See also:

• MANDAMUS, WRIT OF

mandamus was unsuccessful, the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges being divided, two against two . In 1869, at the confirmation of Dr See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple's election as bishop of See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter, the vicar-general heard counsel on the question whether he could receive objections, and decided that he could not . When the same See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate was elected to Canterbury, the course here laid down was followed, as also at the confirmation, of Dr Mandell See also:

• CREIGHTON, MANDELL (1843—1901)

Creighton's election to the see of London .

Objections were again raised, in 1902, against Dr See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• GORE
• GORE, CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES (1799-1861)
• GORE, CHARLES (1853– )

Gore, elect of See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester; and an application was made to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's bench for a mandamus against the archbishop and his vicar-general when the latter declined to entertain them . By a unanimous See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February io) the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, consisting of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice (Lord See also:

• ALVERSTONE, RICHARD EVERARD WEBSTER, 1ST BARON (1842— )

Alverstone) and Justices See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright and See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley, refused the mandamus . Without deciding that objections (e.g. to the identity of the elect, or the genuineness of documents) could never be investigated by the vicar-general or the archbishop, it held that they could not even entertain objections of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind alleged . At the confirmation of Dr Cosmo See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang's election as archbishop of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, held in the Church House on the 2oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1909, objections were raised on behalf of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Truth Society to the confirmation, on the ground that the archbishop-elect had, while bishop suffragan of See also:

• STEPNEY
• STEPNEY, GEORGE (1663-1707)

Stepney, connived at and encouraged flagrant breaches of the law as to church See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, taken part in illegal ceremonies, and the like . The objectors were heard by the archbishop of Canterbury and the other commissioners in See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, the decision being that, in accordance with the judgment of the court of king's bench above cited, the objections could not lawfully be received since they did not fall within the province of the commissioners . The archbishop also pointed out that the form of See also:

• CITATION (Lat. citare, to cite)

citation (to objectors) had been modified since 1902, but suggested that it was "a matter for See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration whether the terminology of the citation could be altered so as to bring everything into complete accordance with the law of the Church and See also:

• REALM

realm " (see The Times, January 21, 1909) . Formerly the archbishop had the right of See also:

• OPTION (Lat. optio, choice, choosing, optare, to choose)

option, i.e. of choosing any one piece of preferment in the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of a bishop confirmed by him, and bestowing it upon whom he would; but this has been held to be abolished by a clause in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral Act of 1840 (3 & 4 Viet . C . 113, s . 42) . And the election of a See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean by a cathedral See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter used to receive the bishop's confirmation (Oughton, Ordo Judiciorum, No. cxxvii.) .