CONNECTICUT  , one of the thirteen See also:

• ORIGINAL

original states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, and one of the New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England See also:

• GROUP

group of states . It is bounded N. by See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, E. by Rhode See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, S. by See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long Island See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound, and W. by New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York; the S.W. corner projects along the Sound S. of New York for about 13 m . Situated between 4o° 54' and 42° 3' N. See also:

• LAT

lat., and 71° 47' and 73° 43' W. long., its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 4965 sq. m., of which 145 are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface: only two states of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, Rhode Island and See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware, are smaller in area . Physiography.—Connecticut lies in the S. portion of the peneplain region of New England . Its surface is in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general that of a gently undulating upland divided near the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle by the See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland of the Connecticut valley, the most striking physiographic feature of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The upland rises from the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low S. See also:

• SHORE

shore at an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• RATE

rate of about 20 ft. in a mile until it has a mean See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation along the N. border of the state of r000 ft. or more, and a few points in the N.W. rise to a height of about 2000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The lowland dips under the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of Long Island Sound at the S. and rises slowly to a height of only roo ft. above them where it crosses the N. border . At the N. this lowland is about 15 M. wide; at the S. it narrows to only 5 M. and its total area is about 600 sq. m . Its formation was caused by the removal of a See also:

• BAND

band of weak rocks by erosion after the general upland surface had been first formed near sea-level and then elevated and tilted gently S. or S.E.; in this band of weak rocks were several sheets of hard igneous See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock (See also:

• TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap) inclined from the See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal several degrees, and so resistant that they were not removed but remained to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the " trap ridges " such as See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Rock See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge near New Haven and the See also:

• HANGING

Hanging Hills of See also:

• MERIDEN

Meriden . These are identical in origin and structure with Mt . Tom Range and See also:

• HOLYOKE

Holyoke Range of Massachusetts, being the S. continuation of those structures . The ridges are generally deeply notched, but their highest points rise to the upland heights, directly to the E. or W .

The W. See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the upland is more broken than the E. section, for in the W. are several isolated peaks lying in See also:

• LINE

line with the S. continuation of the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green and the Housatonic See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges of See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont and Massachusetts, the highest among them being : See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

Bear Mountain (See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury) 2355 ft.; Gridley Mountain (Salisbury), 2200 ft.; Mt . See also:

• RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)

Riga (Salisbury), 2000 ft.; Mt . See also:

• BAIL

Bail (See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk) and See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head (Salisbury), each 176o ft.; See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan Mountain (See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Canaan), 168o ft.; and See also:

• IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

Ivy Mountain (See also:

• GOSHEN

Goshen), 1640 ft . Just as the surface of the lowland is broken by the notched trap-ridges, so that of the upland is often interrupted by rather narrow deep valleys, or See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges, extending usually from N. to S. or to the S.E . The lowland is drained by the Connecticut See also:

• RIVER

river as far S. as See also:

• MIDDLETOWN

Middletown, but here this river turns to the S.E. into one of the narrow valleys in the E. section of the upland, the turn being due to the fact that the river acquired its See also:

• PRESENT

present course when the See also:

• LAND

land was at a See also:

• LOWER

lower level and before the lowland on the soft rocks was excavated . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers in the W. section of the upland are the Housatonic and its affluent, the See also:

• NAUGATUCK

Naugatuck; in the E. section is the See also:

• THAMES

Thames which is really an outlet for three other rivers (the Yantic, the Shetucket and the Quinebaug) . In the central and N. regions of the state the course of the rivers is rapid, owing to a relatively See also:

• RECENT

recent tilting of the surface . The Connecticut river is navigable as far as See also:

• HARTFORD

Hartford, and the Thames as far as See also:

• NORWICH
• NORWICH, GEORGE GORING, EARL OF (1583?-1663)

Norwich . The Housatonic river, which in its picturesque course traverses the whole breadth of the state, has a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stretch of See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide-water See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . The lakes which are found in all parts of the state and the rapids and waterfalls along the rivers are largely due to disturbances of the drainage lines by the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice invasion of the glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . To the glacial See also:

• ACTION

action is also due the extensive removal of the original See also:

• SOIL

soil from the uplands, and the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of morainic hills in many localities . The sea-See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m. in length, has a number of bays which have been created by a depression of small valleys making several See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbours .

The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Connecticut, though temperate, is subject to sudden changes, yet the extremes of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat are less than in the other New England states . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 49° F., the average temperature of See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter being 27°, and that of summer 72° . Since the general direction of the winter winds is from the N.W. the extreme of cold (-10° or -15°) is See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in the north-western See also:

• PART

part of the state, while the prevailing summer winds, which are from the S.W., See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper the heat of summer in the coast region, the extreme heat (roo°) being found in the central part of the state . The annual rainfall varies from 45 to 50 in . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Connecticut is not an agricultural state . Al-though three-fourths of the land surface is included in farms, only 7% of this three-fourths is cultivated; but agriculture is of considerable economic and historic See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The accounts of the fertility of the Connecticut valley were among the causes leading to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English colonization, and until the middle of the nineteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century agriculture was the principal occupation . The soils, which are composed largely of sands, except in the upland valleys where alluvial loarns with the sub-soils of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay are found, were not suitable for tillage . However, a thrifty, industrious, self-reliant agricultural See also:

• LIFE

life See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, labour was native-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, the See also:

• WOMEN

women of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household worked in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields with the men, some employment was found for every See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of neighbourly See also:

• BARTER (from Fr. barater, to truck, to exchange)

barter of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food products took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of other modes of See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange . But the development of manufactures in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century, the competition of the new western states in See also:

• FARM

farm products, and the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population incident to the growth of cities, caused a See also:

• GREAT

great change in agriculture after 186o . Indeed, during every See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade from 186o to 1890 the total value of farm See also:

• PROPERTY

property and products declined; and the increase of products from ago to 1900 was due to the growth of See also:

• DAIRY

dairy farms, which yielded almost one-third of the total farm product of the state . In the same decade See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, potatoes and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco were the only staples whose acreage increased and the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of all cereals except Indian corn and See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

buckwheat declined .

Tobacco, which was first grown here between 164o and 166o, because of a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law restricting the use of tobacco to that grown in the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, was in the decade 189o-1900 the only See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop raised for See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption outside the state; average yield per See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre (1673 lb) was exceeded in the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental United States only in Vermont (1844 Ib) and Massachusetts (1674 lb) in 1899, and in 1907 (1510 lb) by New See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire (165o lb), Vermont (1625 lb) and Massachusetts (1525 lb) . The total value of Connecticut tobacco in 1907 was $2,501,000 (1906, $4,415,922; 1905, $3,911,933), and the average farm See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price was 11.5 cents per lb (in 1906, 18 cents; 1905, 17 cents) . But the cultivation of tobacco is confined almost exclusively to the valleys of the Connecticut and Housatonic rivers, and these lands are constantly and ex-pensively treated with nitrogenous fertilizers; the grades raised are the broad-See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf and the Habana See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed-leaf wrappers, which, excepting the See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida growth from See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra seed, are the nearest domestic approach to the imported Sumatra . The manufacture of cigars was begun in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor, Connecticut, in 18or . Dairying was responsible for the increased production between 1889 and 1899 of Indian corn and the large acreage in See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay, which surpassed that of any other crop, but many hay and See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain farms were afterwards abandoned . The production of See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

orchard fruits and See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market vegetables, however, increased during the decade 189o-1900 . Other evidences of the transition in agricultural life are that in Tolland and See also:

• WINDHAM, WILLIAM (1750-1810)

Windham counties the value of farm buildings exceeded that of farm land, that in See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex and See also:

• FAIRFIELD

Fairfield counties the acreage as well as the value of the farms declined, that native farm labour and ownership were being replaced by See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign labour and ownership; while dependent land See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure is insignificant, 87 % of the farms being worked bytheir owners . The state See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of agriculture holds annual conventions for the discussion of agricultural problems . Minerals.—The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Connecticut have had a See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune very similar to that of agriculture . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early settlers soon discovered metals in the soil and began to See also:

• WORK

work them . About 1730 the production of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron became an important See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the vicinity of Salisbury, and from Connecticut iron many of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American military supplies in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence were manufactured . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper was See also:

• MINED

mined in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• GRANBY, JOHN MANNERS, MARQUESS

Granby as early as i 705 and furnished material for early colonial and United States coins .

See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead have also been produced, but the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of larger deposits of these metals in other states has caused the See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of all See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal mines in Connecticut, except those of iron and See also:

• TUNGSTEN [symbol W, atomic weight 184.o (0=16)]

tungsten . The quarries of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite near Long Island Sound, those of See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone at See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland, and of feldspar at Branchville and South See also:

• GLASTONBURY

Glastonbury, however, have furnished See also:

• BUILDING

building and paving materials for other states; the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone product of the state was valued at $1,386,540 in 1906 . See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone, for the reduction of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, is also mined; and See also:

• BERYL

beryl, See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and mineral springs yield products of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor importance . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the importations from See also:

• CANADA

Canada, Chesapeake See also:

• BAY

Bay and the Great Lakes, the See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, See also:

• COD

cod and See also:

• MENHADEN

menhaden See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries declined, especially after 186o, and the See also:

• OYSTER

oyster 'and See also:

• LOBSTER (O.E. lopustre, lopystre, a corruption of Lat. locusta, lobster or other marine shell-fish; also a locust)

lobster fisheries are not as important as formerly . In 1905, according to the U.S . See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of Fisheries, the fisheries' products of the state were valued at $3,173,948, market oysters being valued at $1,206,217 and seed oysters at $1,603,615 . Manufactures.—Manufacturing, however, has encountered none of the vicissitudes of other industries . Manufactures form the principal source of Connecticut's See also:

• WEALTH

wealth,—manufacturing gave occupation in rgoo to about one-fifth of the total population, and the products in that See also:

• YEAR

year ranked the state See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh among the states of the American Union . Indeed, manufacturing in Connecticut is notable for its early beginning and its development of certain branches beyond that of the other states . Iron products were manufactured throughout the 18th century, nails were made before 1716 and were exported from the colony, and it was in Connecticut that See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon were See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast for the Continental troops and the chains were made to See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block the channel of the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson river to See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SHIPS

ships . Tinware was manufactured in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, Hartford See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, as early as 1770, and See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel and iron goods were peddled from Connecticut through the colonies . The Connecticut See also:

• CLOCK

clock maker and clock peddler was the 18th-century embodiment of See also:

• YANKEE

Yankee ingenuity; the most famous of the next See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of clock makers were See also:

• ELI (Hebrew for "high"? i Sam. chaps. i.-iv.)

Eli See also:

• TERRY, EDWARD
• TERRY, ELLEN ALICIA (1848– )

Terry (1772-1852), who made a great success of his wooden clocks; See also:

• CHAUNCEY, ISAAC (1772–1840)

Chauncey See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, who first used See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass wheels in 1837 and founded in 1844 the See also:

• WORKS

works of the New Haven Clock Co.; See also:

• GIDEON (in Hebrew, perhaps " hewer " or " warrior ")

Gideon See also:

• ROBERTS, DAVID (1796-1864)
• ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL

Roberts; and Terry's See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil and successor, See also:

• SETH
• SETH (Egyptian Set, Sth~~~{{{or Sts)
• SETH (I* according to Dillmann, " setting " or " slip "; Septuagint, Philo and New Testament, fie, but r Chron. i. 1 Ells in A ; Josephus, EfjOor, Vulg. Seth)

Seth See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas (1786-1859), who built the factory at Thomaston carried an by his son Seth Thomas (1816-1888) .

In 1732 the See also:

• LONDON

London hatters complained of the competition of Connecticut hats in their See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Before 1749 brass works were in operation at See also:

• WATERBURY

Waterbury—the great brass manufacturing business there growing out of the making of metal buttons . In 1768 See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills were erected at Norwich, and in 1776 at East Hartford . In 1788 the first woollen mills in New England were established at Hartford, and about 1803 one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred See also:

• MERINO

merino See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep were imported by See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• HUMPHREYS, ANDREW ATKINSON (1810-1883)

Humphreys, who in r8o6 built a See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill in that part of See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby which is now See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour and which was practically the first New England factory See also:

• TOWN

town; in 1812 See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam was first used by the Middletown Woollen Manufacturing See also:

• COMPANY

Company . In 1804 the manufacture of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton was begun a.t See also:

• VERNON
• VERNON, EDWARD (1684-1757)

Vernon, Hartford county; mills at See also:

• POMFRET, JOHN (1667-1702)

Pomfret and See also:

• JEWETT, SARAH ORNE (1849–1909)

Jewett See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City were established in 18o6 and 1810 respectively . See also:

• SILK

Silk culture was successfully introduced about 1732; and there was a silk factory at See also:

• MANSFIELD
• MANSFIELD, RICHARD (1857-1907)
• MANSFIELD, WILLIAM MURRAY, 1ST EARL

Mansfield, Tolland county, in 1758 . The period of greatest development of manufactures began after the war of 1812 . The decade of greatest relative development was that of 186o-187o, during which the value of the products in-creased 96.6 % . During the period 1850-1900, when the population increased 145 %, the average number of, wage-earners employed in manufacturing establishments increased 248'3%, the number so employed constituting 13'7% of the state's total population in 185o and 19.5% of that in 'goo . The average number of wage-earners employed in establishments conducted under the factory system alone was 13.7% greater in 1905 than in 1900 . In 1900 Connecticut led the United States in the manufacture of See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition, bells, brass and copper (rolled), brass castings and finishings, brass See also:

• WARE

ware and needles and pins . In the automobile industry the state in 1905 ranked second (to See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan) in See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital invested; and was See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in value of product, but first in the average value per See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car, which was $2354 ($2917 for gasoline; $2343 for electric; $673 for steam cars) .

Connecticut has long ranked high in textile manufactures, but the product of cotton goods in 1900 ($15,489,442) and in 1905 ($18,239155) had not materially advanced beyond that of 1890 ($15,409,476), this being due to the increase in cotton manufacturing in the South . Between 1890 and 1900 Connecticut's products in See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and See also:

• FINISHING

finishing of textiles, industries which have as yet not developed in the South, increased 217'3% from $715,388 in 1890 to $2,269,967 in 19o0; in 1905 their value was $2,215,314 . The manufacture of woollen goods and silk also increased respectively 33% and 26.5% between 1890 and 1900; the returns for 'goo, however, include the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur See also:

• HAT

hat product ($7,546,882), which was not included in the returns for 189o . In 1905 the value of the woollen goods manufactured in the state was $11,166,965; of the silk goods, $15,623,693 . The value of the products of all the textile industries combined increased from $46,819,399 in woo to $56,933,113 in 1905, when the combined textile product value was greater than that of any other manufactured product in the state . The most important single industry in 1905 was the manufacture of rolled brass and copper with a product value of $41,911,903 (in 1900, $36,325,178)-80.7% of the total for the United States; the value of the product of the other brass industries was brass ware (1905) $9,022,427,-51 *6% of the total for the United States,—(1900) $8,947,451; and brass castings and brass finishing (1905) $2,982,115, (1900) $3,254,239 . Hardware ranks next in importance, the output of 1905 being valued at $21,480,652,—which was 46.9% of the total product value of hardware for the entire United States,—as against $16,30',198 in 1900 . Then come in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of product value for 1905: foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine See also:

• SHOP

shop products (1905) $20,189,384, (1900) $1$,991,079; cotton goods; silk and silk goods; ammunition (1905) $15,394,485; being 77.2% of the value of all ammunition made in the United States,—(19o0) $9,823,712; and See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber boots and shoes (1905) $12,829,346, (1900) $11,999,038 . In 1905 the state ranked first in the United States in the value of clocks manufactured, $6,158,o34, or 69.4% of the total product value of the industry for that year in the United States,—and also in the value of plated ware—$8,125,881, being 66.9% of the product value of the United States . The decade of greatest See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute increase in the value of manufactures was that ending in 1900, the value of manufactured products in that year being $352,284,116, an increase of $104,487,742 over that of 18901 The general tendency was towards the centralization of industry, the number of establishments in the leading industries increasing less than 5%, while the capital and the value of the products increased respectively 33.5% and 42 % . Among the new manufactories were a See also:

• SHIP

ship-building See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment at Groton near New London, which undertook contracts for the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and a compressed-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air plant near Norwich . Of the 359 manufactured products classified by the United States See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census, 249, or almost seven-tenths, were produced in Connecticut .

This prominence in manufactures is due to excellent transportation facilities, to good water See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, to the ease with which labour is got from large cities, to plentiful capital (furnished by the large 1 The figure given above as the See also:

• GROSS

gross value of all manufactured products in 1900 includes that of all manufacturing and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical establishments . The value of the products of factories alone was $315,106,150 . By 1905 this had increased to $369,082,091 or 17'1 % . 953 See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance and banking concerns of the state), and to Connecticut's liberal See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

Joint Stock See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1837 (copied in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and else-where), permitting small sums to be capitalized in manufactures; and even to a larger extent, possibly it is the result of the ingenuity of the Connecticut See also:

• PEOPLE

people . In the two decades 188o–1900 more See also:

• PATENTS

patents were secured in Connecticut in proportion to its population than in any other state . It was in Connecticut that See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe and See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen B . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson developed the sewing machine; that See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• GOODYEAR, CHARLES (1800-186o)

Goodyear discovered the See also:

• PROCESS

process of vulcanising rubber; that See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• COLT, SAMUEL (1814-1862)

Colt began the manufacture of the Colt See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-arms; and it was from near New Haven that Eli See also:

• WHITNEY, ELI (1765-1825)
• WHITNEY, JOSIAH DWIGHT (1819-1896)
• WHITNEY, WILLIAM COLLINS (1841-1904)
• WHITNEY, WILLIAM DWIGHT (1827-1894)

Whitney went to See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia where he invented the cotton See also:

• GIN

gin . The earliest form of manufacturing was that of household industries, nails, clocks, tin ware and other useful articles being made by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and then peddled from town to town . Hence Connecticut became known as the " Land of Yankee Notions "; and small wares are still manufactured, the patents granted to inventors in one city ranging from See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle-See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top handles, See also:

• BREAD

bread toasters and See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp holders, to head-rests for See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church pews and See also:

• SCISSORS

scissors-sharpeners . Then, after a long schooling in ingenuity by the system of household industries, came the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of labour, the introduction of machinery and the See also:

• MODERN

modern factory . Transportation of products is facilitated by water routes (chiefly See also:

• COASTING

coasting), for which there are ports of entry at New Haven, Hartford, See also:

• STONINGTON

Stonington, New London and See also:

• BRIDGEPORT

Bridgeport, and by 1013 M . (on the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1908) of steam See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways .

One company, the New York, New Haven & Hartford, controlled 87% of this railway mileage in 1904, and practically all the steamboat lines on Long Island Sound . Since 1895 electric railways operated by the trolley system have steadily developed, their mileage in 1909 approximating 895 M . By their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence the rural districts have been brought into See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the cities, and many centres of population have been so connected as to make them practically one community . Population.—The population of Connecticut in 188o was 622,700; in 189o, 746,258—an increase of 19.8%; in 1900, 908,420—an increase of 21.7% over that of 1890; and in 1910, 1,114,756 . Of the 1900 population 98.2% were See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, 26.2% were foreign born, and 31.1 % of the native whites were of foreign parentage . Of the foreign-born See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, 29.8% were Irish; there were also many Germans and Austrians, English, and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French- and English-Canadians . In 1900 there were 24 incorporated cities or boroughs with a population of more than 5000, and on this basis almost three-fifths of the total population of the state was See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban . The principal cities, having a population of more than 20,000, were New Haven (108,027), Hartford (79,850), Bridgeport (70,966), Waterbury (45,859), New Britain (25,998), and Meriden (24,296) . The See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial development has affected religious conditions . In the early part of the 19th century the Congregational church.had the largest number of communicants; in 1906 more than three-fifths of the church population was See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic; the Congregationalists composed about one-third of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, and next ranked the Episcopalians, Methodists and See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists . Government.—The present constitution of Connecticut is that framed and adopted in 1818 with subsequent amendments (33 up to 1909) . Amendments are adopted after approval by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority See also:

• VOTE

vote of the lower See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the general See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, a two-thirds majority of both houses of the next general assembly, and ratification by the townships .

The executive and legislative officials are chosen by the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors for a See also:

• TERM

term of two years; the See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney general for four years; the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges of the supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of errors and the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior court, appointed by the general assembly on nomination by the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, serve for eight, and the judges of the courts of See also:

• COMMON

common pleas (in Hartford, New London, New Haven, See also:

• LITCHFIELD

Litchfield and Fairfield counties) and of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district courts, chosen in like manner, serve for four years . In providing for the judicial system, the constitution says: " the powers and See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of which courts shall be defined by law." The general assembly has interpreted this as a See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification for interference in legal matters . It has at various times granted divorces, confirmed faulty titles, annulled decisions 954 of the justices of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and validated contracts against which See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment by See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default had been secured . Qualifications for See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage are: the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-one years, citizenship in the United States, See also: