See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

CONRAD II  . (c . 99o-~1o39), See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, founder of the Franconian or Salian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, was a son of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires, See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• OTTO

Otto I., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia, and through his See also:

• GREAT

great-grandmother Liutgarde, wife of See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad the Red, duke of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, a descendant of the emperor Otto the Great . He was See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, 1904, pt. i. p . 64), " will take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place when the conquering See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power has declared its will to annex it, and has established its authority throughout the territory, any opposition still made being on the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of See also:

• BRIGANDAGE

brigandage rather than of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and no corner remains in which the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary functions of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government are carried on in the name of the old See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state." a: member of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Conradines, See also:

• COUNTS

counts in See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia, but the family estates had passed to another See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, and were held at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by another Conrad, called the " younger " to distinguish him from his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder relative . He appears to have been a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of strong See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and owing to his skill in warfare, and especially to his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in sorb with Gisela, widow of Ernest I., duke of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, won position and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . When the emperor Henry II. died in 1024, the two Conrads were the most prominent candidates for the See also:

• THRONE

throne, and are said to have mutually agreed to abide by the decision of the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors . After some delay the elder Conrad was elected See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1024 . He owed his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the support of the German bishops, especially that of Aribo, See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, who crowned him in his See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral on the 8th of September 1024; and the king's biographer, Wipo, remarks that See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne himself could 1 et have been welcomed more gladly by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Aribo, however, refused to perform this ceremony for Gisela, as she was within the prohibited degrees of See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity, and she was crowned some days later at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle by See also:

• PILGRIM

Pilgrim, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne . Conrad then travelled through his dominions, received See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute from tribes dwelling See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, and by his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey " See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom most firmly in the See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and the kingly See also:

• PROTECTION

protection." His position, however, was full of difficulty, and the various elements of discontent tended to unite . Boleslaus, duke of the Poles, took the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of king, and assumed a threatening attitude; See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph III., king of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy or See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles, who had arranged that the emperor Henry II. should succeed him, refused to make a similar arrangement with Conrad; many of the Italians were hoping to obtain a king from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; and some German princes, including Conrad the younger, and the king's step-son Ernest II., duke of Swabia, showed signs of revolt .

The See also:

• DEATH

death of Boleslaus in 1025, and a cession of some lands See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• EIDER
• EIDER (Icelandic, idur)

Eider to Canute, king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, secured the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and eastern frontiers of Germany from attack, and the king's domestic enemies were soon crushed . In 1026 Conrad set out for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and supported by Heribert, archbishop of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, assumed the Lombard See also:

• CROWN

crown in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and afterwards overcame the resistance which was offered by See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia and See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna . Travelling to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, he was crowned emperor in the presence of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Burgundy and Denmark by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John XIX., on the 26th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1027 . The emperor then visited See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy, where by mingling See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice with severity he secured respect for the imperial authority; and returned to Germany to find Ernest of Swabia, the younger Conrad, and their associates again in arms . One cause of this rising was the claim put forward by Ernest to the Burgundian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, as King Rudolph was his great-See also:

• UNCLE

uncle . But his efforts were unsuccessful, and in 1028 the revolt was suppressed; while in the meantime the emperor had met Rudolph of Burgundy at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, and had secured for himself a promise of thasuccession . The emperor's presence was soon needed in the east, where Mesislaus, duke of the Poles, and See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen I., king of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, were ravaging the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Germany . An expedition against Stephen in 1029 was only partially successful, but he submitted in 1031, and in 1032 Mesislaus was compelled to cede See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia to Conrad . In 1030 Ernest of Swabia was killed in See also:

• BATTLE

battle; and in September 1032 the king of Burgundy died, and his kingdom was at once seized by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• ODO

Odo,'count of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne . See also:

• COLLECTING

Collecting an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, Conrad marched into Burgundy in 1033, was chosen and crowned king of Peterlingen, and after See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving his See also:

• RIVAL

rival from the See also:

• LAND

land was again crowned at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva in 1034 . Having asserted his authority over the Bohemians and other See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic tribes, Conrad went a second time to Italy in 1036 in response to an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal from Heribert of Milan, whose oppressions had led to a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general rising of the smaller vassals against their lords . An See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly was held at Pavia, and when Heribert refused to obey the commands of the emperor he was seized and imprisoned; but he escaped to Milan, where the citizens took up arms in his favour .

Unable to take Milan, Conrad issued in May 1037 an edictum de beneficiis, by which he decreed that the principle of See also:

• HEREDITY

heredity should apply in Italy to lands held by sub-vassals, and that this class of tenants should not be deprived of their lands 'except by the See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of their peers, and should retain the right of appeal to the emperor . Having crushed a rising at See also:

• PARMA

Parma and See also:

• LEFT

left the city in flames, Conrad restored Pope See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict IX. to Rome, and marched into southern Italy, where he invested the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman Rainulf with the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• AVERSA

Aversa, and gave the principality of See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua to Waimar IV., See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• SALERNO (anc. Salernum)

Salerno . Returning to Germany, the emperor handed over the kingdom of Burgundy to his son Henry, afterwards the emperor Henry III., and proceeded to See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht, where he died on the 4th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1039 . Hewas buried in the cathedral which he had begun to build at Spires . Conrad did much for the strengthening of the German kingdom . Its boundaries were extended by the acquisition of Burgundy and the reconquest of Lusatia; disturbances of the peace became fewer and were more easily suppressed than heretofore ; and three of the duchies, See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, were made apanages of the royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . Although he did not See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree that German fiefs should be hereditary, he favoured the tendency in this direction, and so attempted to make the smaller vassals a check on the power of the nobles . He endeavoured to unite Italy and Germany by inter-marriages between the families of the two countries, governed Italy to a large extent by German officials, and ordered that the law of Justinian should supersede Lombard law in the Roman territories . He ruled the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church with a See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; appointed his own supporters, regardless of their individual fitness, to bishoprics and abbeys; and sought by inquiry to restore to the royal domain the estates granted to the church by his predecessors . See Wipo, Gesta Chuonradi II. imperatoris, Herimann of See also:

• REICHENAU

Reichenau, Chronicon, Annales Sangallenses majores, Annales Hildisheimenses, all in the Monumenta Germaniae historica . Scriptores (See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1826–1892) . An edition of Wipo, together with parts of the Chronicon and the Annales Sangallenses, edited by H .

Bresslau, was published at Hanover in 1878 . H . Bresslau, Jahrbucher See also:

• DES

des deutschen Reichs unter Konrad II . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1879–1884) ; H . Bresslau, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Kanzlei Kaiser Konrads II . (Berlin, 1869) ; W . See also:

• ARNDT, ERNST MORITZ (1769-1860)
• ARNDT, JOHANN (1555-1621)

Arndt, Die Wahl Conrad II . (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1861); J. von Pflugk-Harttung, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Kaiser Konrads II . (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1890), G . A . H . Stenzel, Geschichte See also:

• DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873)

Deutsch-lands unter den ,frankischen Kaisern (Leipzig, 1827–1828) ; M .

Pfenninger, Die ksrchliche Politik Kaiser Konrads II . (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 188o) ; M . Pfenninger, Kaiser Konrads II . Beziehungen zu Aribo von Mainz Pilgrim von Koln, and Aribert von Mailand (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1891); O . Blumcke, Burgund unter See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf III. and der Heimfall der burgundischen Krone an Kaiser Konrad II . (Greifswald, 1869) ; W. von See also:

• GIESEBRECHT, WILHELM VON (1814–1889)

Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit (Leipzig, 1881–189o); H . See also:

• PABST, FREDERICK (1836-1904)

Pabst, " Frankreich and Konrad II. in den Jahren 1024 and 1025," in the Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, See also:

• RAND

Rand v . (Gottingen, 1862–1886) .