See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

CONRAD III  . (1093–1152), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, second son of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, and See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes, daughter of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV., was the first king of the See also:

• HOHENSTAUFEN

Hohenstaufen See also:

• FAMILY

family . His See also:

• FATHER

father died in 1105, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother married secondly See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold III., See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; but little is known of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life until 1115 when his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle the emperor Henry V. appointed him duke of See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia . In 1116, together with his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother Frederick II., duke of Swabia, he was See also:

• LEFT

left by Henry as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and when the emperor died in 1125 he became titular king of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, or See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles . Returning from the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land in 1126, he took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war which during his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence had broken out between his brother Frederick and the new king, See also:

• LOTHAIR (825-869)
• LOTHAIR (941–986)

Lothair the Saxon; and was chosen king in opposition to Lothair on the 18th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1127 . His See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election in preference to Frederick was possibly due to the fact that owing to his absence from Germany he had not taken the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of fealty to the new king . Hastening across the See also:

• ALPS

Alps he was crowned king of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy at See also:

• MONZA (locally Monscia)

Monza in See also:

• JUNE

June 1128, and in spite of the papal See also:

• BAN

ban was generally acknowledged in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Italy . His position, however, rapidly weakened . The See also:

• RIVAL

rival popes, See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent II. and Anacletus II., both declared against him; the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans repudiated him; and after failing to seize the extensive possessions left by See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda, marchioness of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, he returned to Germany in 1132 . He continued the struggle against Lothair till See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1135, when he submitted, was pardoned, and recovered his estates; owing this generous treatment, it is said, to the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good offices of St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux . In 1136 he accompanied the imperial forces to Italy in the capacity of See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard-See also:

• BEARER

bearer, distinguished himself by his soldierly skill, and in view of the in-creasing See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and infirmity of Lothair, sought to win the favour of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Innocent II . In December 1137 Lothair died, and some of the princes met at See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad for a second See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as German king on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1138, in presence of the papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate .

Crowned at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle six days later, he was acknowledged at See also:

• BAMBERG

Bamberg by several of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South German princes; but his position could not be strong while Henry the Proud, the powerful duke of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, refused his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance . Attempts at a peaceful See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of this rivalry failed, and Henry was placed under the ban in See also:

• JULY

July 1138, when war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in Bavaria and Saxony . The king was unable to make much headway, in spite of the See also:

• DEATH

death of Duke Henry, which occurred in October 1139; and his See also:

• HALF

half-brother Leopold IV., margrave of Austria, to whom Bavaria had been entrusted, was defeated by Henry's brother See also:

• WELF

Welf, afterwards duke of See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto and margrave of Tuscany . Conrad, however, captured the fortress of See also:

• WEINSBERG

Weinsberg from Well in December 1140, and is said to have allowed the See also:

• WOMEN

women to leave the See also:

• TOWN

town, each with as much of her See also:

• PROPERTY

property as she could carry on her back . To his surprise, so the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story runs, each woman came out bearing on her back a See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, a father or a brother, who thus escaped the vengeance of the conquerors . This See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale is now regarded as legendary, and the same remark also applies to the tradition that the cries Hi Welfen, hi Wibelinen, were first raised at this See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace was made at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort in May 1142, when Henry the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion, son of Henry the Proud, was confirmed in the duchy of Saxony, while Bavaria was given to Conrad's step-brother Henry Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, who married Gertrude, the widow of Henry the Proud . Affairs in Italy demanded the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the king, as See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger I., king of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, had won considerable authority on the mainland, and refused to recognize the German king, whose help Pope See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius II. implored against the rebellious Romans . This See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs drove Conrad into See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• ROMAN

Roman emperor, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel See also:

• COMNENUS

Comnenus, who in 1146 married his step-See also:

• SISTER

sister; but the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Germany prevented the contemplated See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against Roger . The solitary success amid the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general disorder in the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire was the expedition undertaken in 1142 by Conrad into Bohemia, where he restored his brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• LADISLAUS [I.]

Ladislaus to this See also:

• THRONE

throne . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, however, to perform the same service for another brother-in-law, also called Ladislaus, who had been driven from his See also:

• POLISH

Polish dukedom, ended in failure . Mean-while Germany was ravaged and devastated by See also:

• CIVIL

civil war, which Conrad was unable to repress .

Disorder was rampant in Saxony, Bavaria and Burgundy; and in 1146 war broke out between the Bavarians and the Hungarians . A See also:

• TERM

term was placed to this condition of affairs by the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux, and the consequent departure of many turbulent nobles on crusade . In December 1146 the king himself took the See also:

• CROSS

cross, secured the election and See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of his See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young son Henry as his successor, appointed Henry I., See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, ks his See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian, and set out for See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine in the autumn of 1147 . Marching with a large and splendid See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army through See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, he reached See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, where his forces were decimated by disease and by the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . Stricken by illness, Conrad returned to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople at See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas 1147, but in March 1148 set out to rejoin his troops . Having shared in the fruitless attack on See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, he left Palestine in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1148, and passed the ensuing See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter at Constantinople, where he made fresh plans for an attack on Roger of Sicily . He reached Italy by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea; but the See also:

• NEWS

news that Roger had allied himself with See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII., king of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and his old opponent Welf of Bavaria, compelled him to return hastily to Germany, which was again in disorder . He was obliged to neglect repeated invitations from the Romans, who sent him a specially urgent See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in 1149, and consequently never received the imperial See also:

• CROWN

crown . Conrad died on the 15th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1152 at Bamberg, where he was buried . By his wife, Gertrude, daughter of See also:

• BERENGER, ALPHONSE MARIE MARCELLIN THOMAS (1785-1866)

Berenger,See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Sulzbach, he had two sons, the elder of whom, Henry, died in 115o . Passing over his younger son Frederick on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his youth, he appointed as his successor his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Frederick III., duke of Swabia, afterwards the emperor Frederick I . Conrad possessed military talents, and had many estimable qualities, but he lacked perseverance and foresight, and was hampered by his obligations to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authority for Conrad's life and reign is See also:

• OTTO

Otto of See also:

• FREISING

Freising, Chronicon," in the Monumenta Germaniae historica . Scriptores, See also:

• BAND

Band xx . (See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1826-1892) . The best See also:

• MODERN

modern authorities are L. von See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke, Weltgeschichte, achter Teil (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1887–1888), W. von See also:

• GIESEBRECHT, WILHELM VON (1814–1889)

Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, Band iv . (See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, 1877), J . Jastrow, Deutsche Geschichte See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen (Berlin, 1893) ; Ph . Jaffe, Geschickte See also:

• DES

des deutschen Reiches unter Lothar dem Sachsen (Berlin, '843); W . Bernhardi, Konrad III . (Leipzig, 1883) ; O. von Heinemann, Lothar der Sachse and Konrad III . (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1869) .