ERCOLE See also:

• ERCOLE CONSALVI (1757-1824)

CONSALVI (1757-1824)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal and states-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome on the 8th of See also:

• JUNE

June 17 57 . His grandfather, Gregorio Brunacci, of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, had changed his name in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to become See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to a certain See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march'ese di See also:

• CONSALVI, ERCOLE (1757-1824)

Consalvi . Ercole, who was the eldest of five See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LEFT

left orphans, began his See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the Piarist See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at See also:

• URBINO (anc. Urvinum Mataurense)

Urbino . Removed thence on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the cruel treatment he and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother received, he went to the college opened at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by Cardinal See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York at See also:

• FRASCATI

Frascati . Here Consalvi soon became one of the cardinal's favourite proteges . In 1776 he entered the Academia Ecclesiastica at Rome, in which See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius VI. took a strong See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• INTEREST

interest . This led to his being appointed in 1783 camariere segreto to the pope, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office which involved the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of receiving those who desired an See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience . Next See also:

• YEAR

year he was made a domestic See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate and shortly afterwards a member of the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation del buon governo . His further promotion was rapid; at the instance of Pope Pius, who thought his talents would be best employed at the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, he became votante di segnatura, and, on the first vacancy, auditor of the See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

Rota for Rome . This last See also:

• POST

post left him plenty of leisure, which he used for travelling and cultivating the society of interesting See also:

• PEOPLE

people, a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste which earned him the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Monsignore Ubique . When the outbreak of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution made a reorganization of the papal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army necessary, this was carried out by Consalvi as See also:

• ASSESSOR (Lat. assessare, assidere, to sit by)

assessor to the new military Congregation . In 1798, when the French occupied Rome, Consalvi was imprisoned in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Angelo, together with other papal officials, in See also:

• RETALIATION

retaliation for the See also:

• MURDER

murder of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Duphot; a proposal to See also:

• WHIP

whip him through the streets was defeated by the French general in command, but, after three months' confinement, he was deported with a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of See also:

• GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

galley slaves to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, and his See also:

• PROPERTY

property was confiscated as that of " an enemy of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic." He managed with difficulty to reach Pius VI., who had sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the Certosa of t' e Val d' Erna, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at his See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed .

As secretary to the See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

conclave which assembled in the monastery of See also:

• SAN

San Giorgio See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, Consalvi had the difficult task of corresponding with the various governments and organizing the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly at a time when the Revolution had confused allissues and reduced the individual cardinals to beggary . In this his See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic ability was conspicuously evident, and it was also largely+owing to his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence that Cardinal Chiaramonte was elected as Pius VII . (March 14, 1800) . On the 3rd of June the new pope re-entered Rome; on the rith of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August Consalvi was appointed cardinal-See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon and secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, or See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . The See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was an admirable one; for Consalvi possessed just the qualities necessary to supplement those of Pius . The pope was above all a religious man, of a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle and contemplative See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; the cardinal was pre-eminently a man of affairs . Their personal sympathy for each other continued to the end, though at the outset at least their See also:

• POLITICAL

political views differed . Pius, who had openly expressed sympathy with the new liberties of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was accused of " Jacobinism "; Consalvi, brought up in the legitimist See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of the entourage of Cardinal York, was a convinced supporter of the divine right of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings generally and of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. in particular . But, though opposed to the principles of the Revolution, Consalvi was far from being a See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind obscurantist, and he recognized the urgent need for reform in the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of papal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . In this, despite See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter opposition, he made many significant changes . He permitted laymen to hold certain public offices, under surveillance of the prelates, organized a guard from among the Roman See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, decreed a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for redeeming the See also:

• BASE

base coinage, permitted the communes a certain degree of municipal See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, and promised the See also:

• LIQUIDATION (i.e. making " liquid " or clear)

liquidation of the public See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt . In the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long debates between Rome and France about the See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

Concordat Consalvi took the leading See also:

• PART

part .

In June 18oi he arrived in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where his handsome presence, urbane See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, and conspicuous ability made him a general favourite . Even See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, though enraged at the firmness with which he maintained the papal claims, could not resist his personal See also:

• FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination . It was largely owing to Consalvi's combined firmness and tact that the Concordat, as ultimately signed, was See also:

• FREE

free from the objectionable clauses on which the First See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul had at first insisted . During the pope's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence in Paris, at the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of Napoleon, Consalvi remained as virtual See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign in Rome; and his regency was rendered remarkable by a See also:

• GREAT

great inundation, caused by the overflow of the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber, during which he exposed himself with heroic humanity for the preservation of the sufferers . Not long after the return of the pope the amity between the Vatican and the Tuileries was again broken . Rome was full of See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-revolutionary and anti-See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic strangers from all parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor was irritated; and his See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, Cardinal See also:

• FESCH, JOSEPH (1763–1839)

Fesch, kept up the irritation by perpetual complaints directed more especially against Consalvi himself . " Tell Consalvi," wrote the conqueror, still flushed with See also:

• AUSTERLITZ (Czech Slavkov)

Austerlitz, " that if he loves his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country he must either resign or do what I demand." Consalvi did accordingly resign on the 17th of June 1807, and when in i8o8 General Miollis entered Rome, and the temporal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the pope was formally abolished, he See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke off all relations with the French, though several of them were his intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . In 1809 he was at Paris, and, in a remarkable interview, received from Napoleon's own lips an See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for the treatment he had received . With unbending dignity, however, he retained his antagonism; and shortly afterwards he was one of the thirteen cardinals who refused to attend the ceremony of the emperor's See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• MARIE

Marie See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise . For this display of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence he was imprisoned at See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, and not released till some three years later, when Napoleon had extorted terms from the See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive pope at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau . On his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release Consalvi hastened to his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's assistance; and he was soon after allowed to resume his functions under the restored pontificate at Rome .

In 1814 Consalvi went, as the pope's representative, to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to meet and confer with the allied sovereigns, and later in the year was sent as papal plenipotentiary to the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Here he was successful in obtaining the restitution to the pope of the See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches (See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona, Treviso and See also:

• FERMO (anc. 1%irmum Picenum)

Fermo) and Legations (See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, See also:

• FERRARA

Ferrara and See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna), but he failed to prevent See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria from annexing the ancient papal possessions on the left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Po and obtaining the right to See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison Ferrara and See also:

• COMACCHIO

Comacchio . This led to his presenting at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the congress a formal protestatio, in which he not only denounced the failure of the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers to do See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, but also their refusal to re-establish that " centre of political unity," the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Consalvi's See also:

• LIFE

life was devoted to the See also:

• WORK

work of re-organizing the States of the Church, and bringing back the See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance of Europe to the papal See also:

• THRONE

throne . He was practically See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Rome; and Pius was so much under his See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control that `" Pasquin " said the pope would have to wait at the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

paradise till the cardinal came from See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

purgatory with the keys . Not was the affectionate confidence of the pope misplaced . Consalvi's See also:

• RULE

rule, in times of singular difficulty and unrest, was characterized by See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and moderation . He had to See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle course between the extremes represented by the See also:

• CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

Carbonari on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and the Sanfedisti on the other, and he consistently refused to employ the cruel and inquisitorial methods in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue under his successors . His See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy was guided by the traditional antagonism of the papacy to See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German domination in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and generally by a See also:

• DESIRE

desire to free the Holy See as far as possible from the political entanglements of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Thus he resisted all Metternich's efforts to draw him into his " system "; stoutly maintained the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of non-intervention against the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the Powers of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance; protested at the congress of See also:

• TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava)
• TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF

Troppau against the suggested application of the principle of intervention to the States of the Church; and at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona joined with See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany in procuring the rejection of Metternich's proposal for a central See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission, to discover and punish political offences in Italy . On the death of Pius VII . (August 21, 1823), Consalvi retired to his See also:

• VILLA

villa of See also:

• PORTO

Porto d' Anzio; and, though he accepted from the new pope the honorary office of See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the college De Propaganda Fide, his political career was closed .

He died on the 24th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1824 . By his will he directed that all the presents he had received should be sold, and the proceeds applied to the completion of See also:

• THORWALDSEN, BERTEL (1770.1844)

Thorwaldsen's See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of Pius VII. in St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's . Consalvi, besides being a statesman, was a man of wide and varied interests . As a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young abate he had followed the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing verses, and to the end he remained a notable See also:

• PATRON

patron of the arts and sciences, See also:

• MUSIC

music being his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion . For the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Rome he did much; ancient buildings were excavated and preserved by his direction; chairs of natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology were founded in the university; and extensive purchases were made for the Vatican museum, which was augmented by the addition of the beautiful Braccio Nuovo, or new wing . Cardinal Consalvi's Memoires were published in two vols. by S . Cretineau-Joly (Paris, 1864) . Other collections of documents are:—C. von Duerm, Correspondance du Cardinal Consalvi avec le See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince C. de Metternich, 1815 (See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain and See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, 1899); S . Rinieri, Correspondenza inedita dei Cardinali Consalvi e Pacca, 1814–1815 (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1903) . See J . L . Bartholdy, Ziige aus dem Leben See also:

• DES

des Cardinal Hercule Consalvi (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1824) ; Cardinal See also:

• WISEMAN, NICHOLAS PATRICK STEPHEN (1802-1865)

Wiseman, Recollections of the Last Four Popes (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1858) ; Cretineau-Joly, L'Eglise romaine en See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face de la Revolution (1859) ; Ernest See also:

• DAUDET, ALPHONSE (1840-1897)

Daudet, Le Cardinal Consalvi (Paris, 1866) ; E .

L . See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer, Cardinal Consalvi (Mainz, 1899) ; Dr Fredrik Nielsen, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• AARHUS

Aarhus, Hist. of the Papacy in the lgth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (2 vols., Eng. trans. by A . J . See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason, D.D., London, 1906), which treats of Consalvi's work in great detail . For other general authorities see See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• HISTORY

History, See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHIES

bibliographies to vol. ix. See also:

• CHAP

chap. vii., by L . G . Wickham-Legg, and vol. x. chap. v., by See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• BLENNERHASSETT, HARMAN (1765-1831)

Blennerhassett .