See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

CONSCIENCE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• CON

con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person " or " See also:

• COMPLETE

complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general)  , a philosophical See also:

• TERM

term used both popularly and technically in many different senses for that See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty which decides between right and wrong . In popular usage " See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience " is generally understood to give intuitively authoritative decisions as regards the moral quality of single actions; this usage implicitly assumes that every See also:

• ACTION

action has an See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective or See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic goodness or badness, which " See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science " may be said to discern much in the same way as the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye See also:

• SEES

sees or the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear hears . Moralists generally, however, are agreed that in all moral judgments of this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character there is an implied reference to moral See also:

• LAWS

laws, the validity of which is in some ethical systems the true subject See also:

• MATTER

matter of conscience . The See also:

• PART

part played by conscience in relation to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general moral laws and particular cases will vary according to the view taken of the character of the general laws . If, on what is called the " jural theory, these laws are regarded as deriving their authority from an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external source, the operation of conscience is so far limited . It may be held to recognize the validity of divine laws, for example; or it may be confined to the deductive See also:

• PROCESS

process of applying those laws to particular cases, known as " cases of conscience " (see See also:

• CASUISTRY (from the Lat. casus, a point of law)

CASUISTRY) . If, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the general laws are regarded as intuitive, then the discernment of them may be taken as the true See also:

• FUNCTION

function of conscience . In either theory, conscience may be understood as the active principle in the soul which, in See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of two alternatives, tells a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man that he ought to select the one which is in conformity with the moral See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . Apart from the two functions of discerning between right and wrong, and actively predisposing the See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent to moral action, conscience has further a retrospective action whereby remorse falls upon the man who recognizes that he has broken a moral law . See See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ETHICS; also See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

BUTLER, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH; and compare the moral sense " See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• SHAFTESBURY
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 1ST EARL OF (1621-1683)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 7TH EARL OF (1801–1885)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONYASHLEY COOPER, 3RD EARL OF (1671-1713)

Shaftesbury . There are certain See also:

• SPECIAL

special uses of the word " conscience." A Conscience clause is the term given to a special See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision often inserted in an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament to enable persons having religious scruples to absent themselves from certain services, or to abstain from certain duties, otherwise prescribed by the act . Conscience See also:

• MONEY

money is the name given to a See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment voluntarily made by a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who has evaded his obligations, especially in respect of taxes and the like .

This usage derives from the last function of conscience mentioned above . Conscience Courts were See also:

• LOCAL

local courts, established by acts of parliament in See also:

• LONDON

London and various provincial towns, for the recovery of small debts, usually sums under L5 . They were superseded by See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county courts (q.v.) .