See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. See also:

• LAT

Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the See also:

• STABLE

stable)  , a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title now confined to the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the lord constable of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, the constables of some royal castles in England, and to certain executive legal officials of inferior See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the constable is closely analogous to that of the See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal (q.v.); for just as the See also:

• MODERN

modern marshals, whatever their rank or See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, are traceable both as to their title and functions to the marescalcus, or See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, of the Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, so the constable, whether he be a high dignitary of the royal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court or a " See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty constable " in a See also:

• VILLAGE

village, is derived by a logical See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution from the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of the See also:

• STABLE

stable of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Emperors . The See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine comes stabuli (K6 o c See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

Toll vTa(3kov) was in his origin simply the imperial master of the horse, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the imperial stables, and a great officer of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . From the East the title was borrowed by the Frankish kings, and during the Carolingian See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch a comes stabuli was at the head of the royal See also:

• STUD

stud, the marshals (marescalci) being under his orders . The office survived and See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France under the Capetian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty; in the 1th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the constable has not only the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general superintendence of the royal stud, but an important command in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army—though still under the orders of the See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal,—and certain limited See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time onward the office of constable tended, in France, continually to increase in importance . On the abolition of the seneschalship by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus in 1191, the constable succeeded to many of his powers and privileges . Thus in the 13th century he claimed as of right the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of leading the vanguard of the army . Under Philip the See also:

• FAIR

Fair (1268–1314) he begins to be invested with the military See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of certain provinces as See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the king (locum tenens regis); and, finally, in the 14th century, owing to the confusion of his high prerogatives as the royal lieutenant with his functions as See also:

• CON

con-stable, he is, as constable, recognized as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the army . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French kings never allowed the office of constable to become hereditary, and in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1627, after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois de Bonne, duc de See also:

• LESDIGUIERES, FRANCOIS DE BONNE

Lesdiguieres, the office was suppressed by royal See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict . See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon created the office of See also:

• GRAND

grand constable for his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, and that of See also:

• VICE

vice-constable for Marshal See also:

• BERTHIER, LOUIS ALEXANDRE

Berthier, but these were suppressed at the Restoration . The jurisdiction of the constable, known as the connetablie et marechaussee de France, was held in See also:

• FEE

fee until the abolition of the office of constable, when it became a royal court, without, however, changing its name .

Henceforth it was nominally under the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior marshal of France, and all marshals had the right of sitting as See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges; but actually it was presided over by the lieutenant general with the lieutenant particulier and the procureur du roi as assessors . At first peripatetic, its seat was ultimately fixed at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, as See also:

• PART

part of the organization of the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement . Its jurisdiction, which included all military persons and causes, was somewhat vaguely extended to embrace all crimes of violence, &c., committed outside the jurisdiction of the towns; it thus came often into conflict with that of the other royal courts . The office of constable was not confined on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent to France . The See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic kings of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain had their comites stabuli; so did, later on, the kings of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, where the functions of this officer were much the same as in France . The great vassals of the French See also:

• CROWN

crown, moreover, arranging their households on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of that of the king, had their constables, whose office tended for the most part to become hereditary . Thus the constableship of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse was hereditary in the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Sabran, that of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Crespin . In England the title of constable was unknown before the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest, though the functions of the office were practically those of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English staller . In the See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor the title constable is mentioned as the French See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent for the English heretoga, or military commander (ductor exercitus) . But among the great See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman-English court the constable duly makes his See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as " quartermaster-general of the court and of the army." In England, however, where the office soon became hereditary; the constable never attained the same commanding position as in France, though the military duties attached to his office prevented its sinking into a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere grand See also:

• SERJEANTY

serjeanty . He was not the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior of the marshal, the functions of the two 'offices being in fact hardly distinguishable . From the first, moreover, the title of constable was not confined to the constable proper, whose office in the reign of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen was made hereditary under the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of high constable (see LOItD HIGH CONSTABLE); for every command held under the supreme constabularia was designated by this name, and there were constables of troops, of castles, of garrisons and even of See also:

• SHIPS

ships (constabularia navigii regis) .

Under the Norman and Angevin kings, then, the title had come to be loosely applied to any high military command . Its See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension to officials exercising See also:

• CIVIL

civil jurisdiction is not difficult to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for . In feudal society, based as this was on a military organization, it is easy to see how the military jurisdiction of the constables would tend to encroach on that of the civil magistrates . The origin of the modern chief and petty constables, however, is to be traced to the See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester of 1285, by which the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia was organized by a blending of the military See also:

• SYSTEM

system with the constitution of the shires . Under this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act a chief or high constable was appointed in every See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred; while in the old tithings and villatae the village See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff was generally appointed a petty constable, receiving in addition to his old magisterial functions a new military office . From the time of Edward III. the old title of See also:

• REEVE (O. E. gerefa)
• REEVE, CLARA (1729–1807)
• REEVE, HENRY (1813–1895)

reeve or See also:

• TITHING (for tithe, tenth; Lat. decuma)

tithing-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is lost in that of constable, which represents his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as an officer of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace as well as of the militia . The high and petty constables continued to be the executive legal officers in the counties until the County See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

Police Acts of 1839 and 1840 re-organized the county police . In 1842 an important statute was passed enacting that for the future no See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of a petty constable, headborough, borsholder, tithing-man, or peace officer of the like description should be made for any See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish at any court leet, except for purposes unconnected with the preservation of the peace, and providing, as a means of increasing the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of persons and See also:

• PROPERTY

property, for the appointment by justices of the peace in divisional petty sessions of See also:

• FIT

fit persons or their substitutes to act as constables in the several parishes of England, and giving vestries an optional See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of providing paid constables . Under the acts of 1839 and 184o the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a paid county police force was optional with the justices . With the Police Act of 1856 this optional power became compulsory, and thenceforth the history of the petty constable in England is that of the police . In 1869 See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision was made for the abolition of the old office of high constable (the High Con-stables Act 1869) and, as the establishment of an efficient police force rendered the general appointment of parish constables unnecessary, the appointment ceased, subject to the appointment by vestries of paid constables under the chief constable of the county (Parish Constables Act 1872) . See further PoLIcE .

" See also:

• SPECIAL

Special constables " are peace officers appointed to act on occasional emergencies when the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary police force is thought to be deficient . The appointment of special constables is for the most part regulated by an act of 1831 . In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers the office is compulsory, on the appointment of two justices . The lord-lieutenant may also appoint special constables and the statutory exemptions may be disregarded, but voters cannot be made to serve during a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . While in office special constables have all the powers of a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law constable, and in See also:

• LONDON

London those of a 'See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan police officer . In the United States, outside the larger towns, the petty constable retains much the same status as in England before the act of 1842 . Hs still has a limited judicial power as See also:

• CONSERVATOR (Lat. conservare, to preserve)

conservator of the peace, and often exercises various additional functions, such as that of tax-See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector or overseer of the roads or other duties, as may be decided for him by the community which appoints him . In the old colonial days the office, borrowed from England, was of much importance . The office of high constable existed also in See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia and New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, in the latter See also:

• TOWN

town until 1830, and in some towns the title has been retained for the chief of the police force . See Du Cange, Glossarium (ed . See also:

• NIORT

Niort, 1883), s . " Comes Stabuli "; R .

See also:

• GNEIST, HEINRICH RUDOLF HERMANN FRIEDRICH VON (1816-1895)

Gneist, Hist. of the Eng . Constitution (trs . London, 1891); W . L . See also:

• MELVILLE, ANDREW (1545-1622)
• MELVILLE, ARTHUR (1858-1904)
• MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614)
• MELVILLE, SIR JAMES (1535-1617)

Melville See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee, Hist. of Police in England (London, I 01); Encycl. of the Laws of England, s . " Constable " (London, 1907); W . See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, Constitutional Hist. of England (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1875–1878) ; A . See also:

• LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE (1846-1908)

Luchaire, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel See also:

• DES

des institutions francaises (Paris, 1892) . (W . A .