See also:

• CONSTANTINE

CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH (1779-1831)  , See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke and See also:

• CESAREVICH

cesarevich of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Tsarskoye Selo on the 27th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1779 . Of the sons born to the unfortunate See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, Petrovich and his wife Maria Feodorovna, nee princess of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, none more closely resembled his See also:

• FATHER

father in bodily and See also:

• MENTAL

mental characteristics than did the second, See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine Pavlovich . The direction of the boy's upbringing was entirely in the hands of his grandmother, the empress See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine II . As in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of her eldest See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson (afterwards the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I.), she regulated every detail of his See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and mental See also:

• EDUCATION

education; but in accordance with her usual See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom she See also:

• LEFT

left the carrying out of her views to the men who were in her confidence . See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• NICOLAI, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1733-1811)

Nicolai Ivanovich Soltikov was supposed to be the actual See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, but he too in his turn transferred the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden to another, only interfering personally on quite exceptional occasions, and exercised neither a See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive nor a negative See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the exceedingly passionate, restless and headstrong boy . The only See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who really took him in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand was Cesar La Harpe, who was tutor-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief from 1783 to May 1795 and educated both the empress's grandsons . Like Alexander, Constantine was married by Catherine when not yet seventeen years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, a raw and immature boy, and he made his wife, Juliana of See also:

• COBURG

Coburg, intensely miserable . After a first separation in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1799, she went back permanently to her See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in 18or, the victim of a frivolous intrigue, in the See also:

• GUILT

guilt of which she was herself involved . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made by Constantine in 1814 to win her back to his See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth and home See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down on her See also:

• FIRM

firm opposition . During the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of this tragic See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage Constantine's first See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place under the leadership of the See also:

• GREAT

great Savorov . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Bassignano was lost by Constantine's See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, but at Novi he distinguished himself by such See also:

• PERSONAL

personal bravery that the emperor Paul be-stowed on him the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of cesarevich, which according to the fundamental See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the constitution belonged ogly to the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . Though it cannot be proved that this See also:

• ACTION

action of the tsar denoted any far-reaching See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, it yet shows that Paul already distrusted the grand-duke Alexander .

However that may be, it is certain that Constantine never tried to secure the throne . After his father's See also:

• DEATH

death he led a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and disorderly See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor See also:

• LIFE

life . He abstained from politics, but remained faithful to his military inclinations, though, indeed, without manifesting anything more than a preference for the externalities of the service . In command of the See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards during the campaign of 18o5 In the great See also:

• POLITICAL

political decisions of those days,Constantine took not the smallest See also:

• PART

part . His importance in political See also:

• HISTORY

history See also:

• DATES

dates only from the moment when the emperor Alexander entrusted him in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland with a task which enabled him to concentrate all the one-sidedness of his talents and all the doggedness of his nature on a definite See also:

• OBJECT

object: that of the militarization and outward discipline of Poland . With this begins the part played by the grand-duke in history . In the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress-Poland created by Alexander he received the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief of the forces of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom; to which was added later (1819) the command of the Lithuanian troops and of those of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian provinces that had formerly belonged to the kingdom of Poland . In effect he was the actual ruler of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and soon became the most zealous See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate position of Poland created by the constitution granted by Alexander . He organized their See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army for the Poles, and See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself more a See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole than a 12 Russian, especially after his marriage, on the 27th of May 182o, with a See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, Johanna Grudzinska . Connected with this was his renunciation of any claim to the Russian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, which was formally completed in 1822 . It is well known how, in spite of this, when Alexander I. died on the 1st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1825 the grand-duke See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas had him proclaimed emperor in St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, in connexion with which occurred the famous revolt of the Russian Liberals, known as the rising of the Dekabrists . In this crisis Constantine's attitude had been very correct, far more so than that of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, which was vacillating and uncertain .

Under the emperor Nicholas also Constantine maintained his position in Poland . But See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences soon arose between him and his brother in consequence of the See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share taken by the Poles the Dekabrist See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy . Constantine hindered the unveiling of the organized plotting for See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence which had been going on in Poland for many years, and held obstinately to the belief that the army and the bureaucracy were loyally devoted to the Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . The eastern policy of the tsar and the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of 1828 and 1829 caused a fresh See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between them . It was owing to the opposition of Constantine that the Polish army took no part in this war, so that there was in consequence no Russo-Polish comrade-See also:

• SHIP

ship in arms, such as might perhaps have led to a reconciliation between the two nations . The insurrection at See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1830 took Constantine completely by surprise . It was owing to his utter failure to grasp the situation that the Polish regiments passed over to the revolutionaries; and during the continuance of the revolution he showed himself as incompetent as he was lacking in See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . Every defeat of the Russians appeared to him almost in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of a personal gratification: his soldiers were victorious . The suppression of the revolution he did not live to see . He died of See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera at See also:

• VITEBSK

Vitebsk on the 27th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1831 . He was an impossible See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in an impossible situation . On the Russian imperial throne he would in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability have been a See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant like his father .

See also Karrnovich's The Cesarevich Constantine Pavlovich (2 vols., St Petersburg, 1899), (Russian) ; T . Schiemann's Geschichte Russ-lands unler Kaiser Nicolaus I. vol. i . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 19o4); Pusyrevski's The Russo-Polish War of 7831 (2nd ed., St Petersburg, 189o) (Russian) . (T .