CONSTANTINOPLE  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, situated in 41° o' 16" N. and 28° 58' 14" E . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city stands at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus, upon a hilly promontory that runs out from the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European or western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the straits towards the opposite See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• BANK

bank, as though to See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem the See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush of See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters from the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea into the Sea of See also:

• MARMORA (anc. Proconnesus)
• MARMORA, SEA OF (anc. Propontis; Turk. Mermer Denisi)

Marmora . Thus the promontory has the latter sea on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and the See also:

• BAY

bay of the Bosporus, forming the magnificent See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour known as the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn, some 4 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . Two streams, the Cydaris and Barbysus of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient days, the See also:

• ALI

Ali-See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey-Su and Kiahat-Hane-Su of See also:

• MODERN

modern times, enter the bay at its north-western end . A small See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter stream, named the Lycus, that flows through the promontory from See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east into the Sea of Marmora, breaks the hilly ground into two See also:

• GREAT

great masses,—a long See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, divided by See also:

• CROSS

cross-valleys into six eminences, over-See also:

• HANGING

hanging the Golden Horn, and a large isolated See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill constituting the south-western portion of the territory . Hence the claim of Constantinople to be enthroned, like See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, upon seven hills . The 1st hill is distinguished by the Seraglio, St See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia and the See also:

• HIPPODROME (Gr. irrbSpo,uos, from irros, horse, and Spoµos, racecourse)

Hippodrome; the 2nd by the See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine and the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque Nuri-Osmanieh; the 3rd by the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, the Seraskereate See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower and the mosque of See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan See also:

• SULEIMAN

Suleiman; the 4th by the mosque of Sultan Mahommed II., the Conqueror; the 5th by the mosque of Sultan See also:

• SELIM

Selim; the 6th by Tekfour Serai and the See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of Egri Kapu; the 7th by Avret Tash and the quarter of Psamatia . In See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine times the two last hills were named respectively the hill of Blachernae and the Xerolophos or dry hill . See also:

• HISTORY

History, See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

Architecture and Antiquities.—Constantinople is famous in history, first as the capital of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman empire in the East for more than eleven centuries (330-1453), and secondly as the capital of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman empire since 1453 . In respect of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the course of human affairs, its only rivals are See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, Rome and See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . Yet even the gifts of these rivals to the cause of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization often See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image and superscription of Constantinople upon them . Roman See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek literature, the See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, for example, are intimately associated with the history of the city beside the Bosporus .

The city was founded by Constantine the Great, through the enlargement of the old See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium, in A.D . 328, and was inaugurated as a new seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government on the 11th of May, A.U . 330 . To indicate its See also:

• POLITICAL

political dignity, it was named New Rome, while to perpetuate the fame -of its founder it was styled Constantinople . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of the Greek church still signs himself " See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome." The old name of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, Byzantium, however, continued in use.' The creation of a new capital by Constantine was not an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal caprice or individual See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . It was the result of causes long in operation, and had been foreshadowed, See also:

• FORTY

forty years before, in the policy of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian . After the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Rome had ceased to be the sovereigns of the Roman See also:

• WORLD

world, and their authority had been vested in the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, the eternal city could no longer claim to be the rightful See also:

• THRONE

throne of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . That See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour could henceforth be conferred upon any place in the Roman world which might suit the convenience of the emperor, or serve more efficiently the interests he had to guard . Furthermore, the empire was now upon its See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . Dreams of conquests and See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension had long been abandoned, and the pressing question of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was how to repel the persistent assaults of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and the barbarians upon the frontiers of the See also:

• REALM

realm, and so retain the dominion inherited from the valour of the past . The See also:

• SIZE

size of the empire made it difficult, if not impossible, to attend to these assaults, or to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the ambition of successful generals, from one centre . Then the East had grown in political importance, both as the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the most active See also:

• LIFE

life in the state and as the portion of the empire most exposed to attack .

Hence the famous See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of Diocletian to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of government between four colleagues, inorder to secure a better See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• CIVIL

civil and of military affairs . It was a scheme, however, that lowered the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of Rome, for it involved four distinct seats of government, among which, as the event proved, no place was found for the ancient capital of the Roman world . It also declared the high position of the East, by the selection of See also:

• NICOMEDIA [mod. Ismid]

Nicomedia in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor as the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of Diocletian himself . When Constantine, therefore, established a new seat of government at Byzantium, he adopted a policy inaugurated before his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day as essential to the preservation of the Roman dominion . He can claim originality only in his choice of the particular point at which that seat was placed, and in his recognition of the fact that his See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the Christian church could be best maintained in a new See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere . But whatever view may be taken of the policy which divided the government of the empire, there can be no dispute as to the widsom displayed in the selection of the site for a new imperial throne . " Of all the events of Constantine's life," says See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley, " this choice is the most convincing and enduring See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his real See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius." Situated where See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and Asia are parted by a channel never more than 5 M. across, and sometimes less than See also:

• HALF

half a mile wide, placed at a point commanding the great waterway between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the position affords immense See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for commercial enterprise and political See also:

• ACTION

action in See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and varied regions of the world . The least a city in that situation can claim as its appropriate See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of influence is the vast domain extending from the Adriatic to the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf, and from the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube to the eastern Mediterranean . Moreover, the site constituted a natural citadel, difficult to approach or to invest, and an almost impregnable See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the See also:

• HOUR

hour of defeat, within which broken forces might rally to retrieve disaster . To surround it, an enemy required to be strong upon both See also:

• LAND

land and sea . Foes advancing through Asia Minor would have their See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march arrested, and their blows kept beyond striking distance, by the See also:

• MOAT

moat which the waters of the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora and the See also:

• DARDANELLES (Turk. Bahr-Sefed Boghazi)
• DARDANELLES (Turk. Sultanieh Kalehsi, or Chanak Kalehsi)

Dardanelles combine to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . The narrow straits in which the waterway connecting the Mediterranean with the Black Sea contracts, both to the north and to the south of the city, could be rendered impassable to hostile fleets approaching from either direction, while on the landward side the See also:

• LINE

line of defence was so See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short that it could be strongly fortified, and held against large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers by a comparatively small force .

Nature, indeed, cannot relieve men of their See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty to be See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and brave, but, in the marvellous configuration of land and sea about Constantinople, nature has done her utmost to enable human skill and courage to establish there the splendid and See also:

• STABLE

stable throne of a great empire . Byzantium, out of which Constantinople sprang, was a small, well-fortified town, occupying most of the territory comprised in the two hills nearest the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the promontory, and in the level ground at their See also:

• BASE

base . The landward See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall started from a point near the See also:

• PRESENT

present Stamboul See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and reached the ridge of the 2nd hill, a little to the east of the point marked by Chemberli Tash (the column of Constantine) . There the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• GATE

gate of the town opened upon the Egnatian road . From that gate the wall descended towards the Sea of Marmora, touching the See also:

• WATER

water in the neighbourhood of the Seraglio lighthouse . The See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis, enclosing venerated temples, crowned the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the first hill, where the Seraglio stands . Immediately to the south of the fortress was the principal See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place of the town, surrounded by porticoes on its four sides, and hence named the See also:

• TETRASTOON (Gr. TErpa-, four, and vroi, a portico)

Tetrastoon . On the southern side of the square stood the See also:

• BATHS

baths of Zeuxippus, and beyond them, still farther south, See also:

• LAY

lay the Hippodrome, which Septimius See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus had undertaken to build but failed to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . Two theatres, on the eastern slope of the Acropolis, faced the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright waters of the Marmora, and a See also:

• STADIUM

stadium was found on the level See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on the other side of the hill, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Golden Horn . The Strategion, devoted to the military exercises of the brave little town, stood close to Sirkedji Iskelessi, and two artificial harbours, the See also:

• PORTUS

Portus Prosforianus and the Neorion, indented the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Golden Horn, respectively in front of the ground now occupied by the station of the Chemins de Fer Orientaux and the Stamboul custom-house . CONSTANTINOPLE One See also:

• STATUTE

Statute Mile o '',Ancient sites are shown by thick lines and lettered thus:- Hippodrome Wall of Byzantium Wall of Constantine Byzantine Walls 5th . Mili - • Gate Gate of eu~ Gate of S.See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus% See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

Top Mapus kk Gate of Rhegiu Yeni Meuleoi Mhaneh Keepasi Ch.o ary See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan,j rantos rote of Gy mmne Gait of the Kaligaris7 See also:

• GIN

Gin of 8laehe .ofS.Sav E ca .

Jv pnuf of ,Mn am n mataz i =f o 4th . Military Gate z Abdal Jati , onrtlr \ G os See also:

• CIST (Gr. ,dorn, Lat. cista, a box; cf. Ger. Kiste, Welsh kistvaen, stone-coffin, and also the other Eng. form " chest ")

Cist See also:

• AREA

Area Gate of the Pep G. of Setivru sdiun Kapai yrd . Military f // in of Foru, ob the H, us Foru Amastri a0 a of S and . Mili Gateop re It iisi GOden See also:

• ATE

ate ut.Mif.G., See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor .&.vanMillingen, inv . A graceful See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite column, still erect on the slope above the head of the promontory, commemorated the victory of See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius Gothicus. over the Goths at Nissa, A.D . 269 . All this See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture of Byzantium was appropriated for the use of the new capital . According to See also:

• ZOSIMUS

Zosimus, the line of the landward walls erected by Constantine to defend New Rome was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn at a distance of nearly 2 M . (15 stadia) to the west of the limits of the old town . It therefore ran across the promontory from the vicinity of Un Kapan Kapusi (Porta Platea), at the Stamboul head of the Inner See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge, to the neighbourhood of Daud See also:

• PASHA

Pasha Kapusi (Porta S . Aemiliani), on the Marmora, and thus added the 3rd and 4th hills and portions of the 5th and 7th hills to the territory of Byzantium . We have two indications of the course of these walls on the 7th hill .

One is found in the name Isa Kapusi (the Gate of Jesus) attached to a mosque, formerly a Christian church; situated above the quarter of Psamatia . It perpetuates the memory of the beautiful gateway which formed the triumphal entrance into the city of Constantine, and which survived the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of the new capital as See also:

• LATE

late as 15o8, when it was overthrown by an See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake . The other indication is the name Alti Mermer (the six columns) given to a quarter in the same neighbourhood . The name is an ignorant See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Exakionion, the corrupt form of the designation Exokionion, which belonged in Byzantine days to that quarter because marked by a column outside the city limits . Hence the Arians, upon their See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from the city by See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius I., were allowed to hold See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

Emery See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker as . their religious services in the Exokionion, seeing that it was an extra-mural See also:

• DISTRICT

district . This explains the fact that Arians are sometimes styled Exokionitae by ecclesiastical historians . The Constantinian line of fortifications, therefore, ran a little to the east of the quarter of Alti Mermer . In addition to the territory enclosed within the limits just described, the suburb of Sycae or Galata, on the opposite side of the Golden Horn, and the suburb of Blachernae, on the 6th hill, were regarded as parts of the city, but stood within their own fortifications . It was to the ramparts of Constantine that the city owed its deliverance when attacked by the Goths, after the terrible defeat of See also:

• VALENS

Valens at See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople, A.D . 378 . In the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of his courtiers, the bounds assigned to New Rome by Constantine seemed, it is said, too wide, but after some eighty years they proved too narrow for the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population that had gathered within the city .

The barbarians had meantime also grown more formidable, and this made it necessary to have stronger fortifications for the capital . Accordingly, in 413, in the reign of Theodosius II., See also:

• ANTHEMIUS

Anthemius, then praetorian See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the East and See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, enlarged and refortified the city by the erection of the wall which forms the innermost line of defence in the bulwarks whose picturesque ruins now stretch from the Sea of Marmora, on the south of Yedi Kuleh (the seven towers), northwards to the old Byzantine See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Porphyrogenitus (Tekfour Serai), above the quarter of Egri Kapu . There the new See also:

• WORKS

works joined the walls of the suburb of Blachernae, and thus protected the city on the west down to the Golden Horn . Some-what later, in 439, the walls along the Marmora and the Golden Horn were brought, by the prefect See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus, up to the extremities of the new landward walls, and thus invested the capital in complete See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour . Then also Constantinople attained its final size . For any subsequent extension of the city limits was insignificant, and was due to strategic considerations . In 447 the wall of Anthemius was seriously injured by one of those earthquakes to which the city is liable . The disaster was all the more See also:

• GRAVE

grave, as the See also:

• HUNS

Huns under See also:

• ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila were carrying every-thing before them in the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan lands . The desperateness of the situation, however, roused the government of Theodosius II., who was still upon the throne, to put forth the most energetic efforts to meet the emergency . If we may See also:

• TRUST

trust two contemporary See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, one Latin, the other Greek, still found on the gate Yeni Mevlevi Khaneh Kapusi (Porta Rhegium), the capital was again fully armed, and rendered more secure than ever, by the prefect Constantine, in less than two months . Not only was the wall of Anthemius restored, but, at the distance of 20 yds., another wall was built in front of it, and at the same distance from this second wall a broad moat was constructed with a breastwork along its inner edge . Each wall was flanked by ninety-six towers .

According to some authorities, the moat was flooded during a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by opening the aqueducts, which crossed the moat at intervals and conveyed water into the city in time of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . This opinion is extremely doubtful . But in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, here was a See also:

• BARRICADE, or BARRICADO (from the Span. barricada, from barrica, a cask, casks filled with earth having been early used to form barricades)

barricade 190-207 ft. thick, and Too ft. high, with its several parts rising tier above tier to permit concerted action, and alive with large bodies of troops ready to pour, from every coign of vantage, missiles of See also:

• DEATH

death—arrows, stones, Greek See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire—upon a foe . It is not See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange that these fortifications defied the assaults of barbarism upon the civilized life of the world for more than a thousand years . As might be expected, the walls demanded frequent restoration from time to time in the course of their long history . Inscriptions upon them See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs, for example, under See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin II., See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo the Isaurian, See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil II., See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• PALAEOLOGUS

Palaeologus, and others . Still, the ramparts extending now from the Marmora to Tekfour Serai are to all intents and purposes the ruins of the Theodosian walls of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . This is not the case in regard to the other parts of the fortifications of the city . The walls along the Marmora and the Golden Horn represent the great restoration of the seaward defences of the capital carried out by the emperor See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus in the 9th century; while the walls between Tekfour Serai and the Golden Horn were built long after the reign of Theodosius II., superseding the defences of .that quarter of the city in his day, and relegating them, as traces of their course to the See also:

• REAR

rear of the later works indicate, to the secondary office of protecting the palace of Blachernae . In 627 See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

Heraclius built the wall along the west of the quarter of Aivan Serai, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to bring the level tract at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the 6th hill within the city bounds, and See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield the church of Blachernae, which had been exposed to great danger during the siege of the city by the See also:

• AVARS

Avars in that See also:

• YEAR

year . In 813 Leo V. the Armenian built the wall which stands in front of the wall of Heraclius to strengthen that point in view of an expected attack by the Bulgarians . The splendid wall, flanked by nine towers, that descends from the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Tekfour Serai to the level tract below Egri Kapu, was built by See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel See also:

• COMNENUS

Comnenus (1143-1180) for the greater See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of the See also:

• PART

part of the city in which stood the palace of Blachernae, then the favourite imperial residence .

Lastly, the portion of the fortifications between the wall of Manuel and the wall of Heraclius presents too many problems to be discussed here . Enough to say, that in it we find See also:

• WORK

work belonging to the times of the Comneni, See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• ANGELUS

Angelus and the Palaeologi . If we leave out of See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account the attacks upon the city in the course of the civil See also:

• WARS

wars between See also:

• RIVAL

rival parties in the empire, the fortifications of Constantinople were assailed by the Avars in 627; by the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens in 673-677, and again in 718; by the Bulgarians in 813 and 913; by the forces of the See also:

• FOURTH

Fourth Crusade in 1203-1204; by the See also:

• TURKS

Turks in 1422 and 1453• The city wastaken in 1204, and became the seat of a Latin empire until 1261, when it was recovered by the Greeks . On the 29th of May 1453 Constantinople ceased to be the capital of the Roman empire in the East, and became the capital of the Ottoman dominion . The most noteworthy points in the See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of the walls of the city are the following . (1) The Golden gate, now included in the Turkish fortress of Yedi Kula . It is a triumphal archway, consisting of three See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, erected in honour of the victory of Theodosius I. over See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus in 388, and subsequently incorporated in the walls of Theodosius II., as the state entrance of the capital . (2) The gate of Selivria, or of the Pege, through which Alexius Strategopoulos made his way into the city in 1261, and brought the Latin empire of Constantinople to an end . (3) The gate of St Romanus (Top Kapusi), by which, in 1453, Sultan Mahommed entered Constantinople after the fall of the city into Turkish hands . (4) The great See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach made in the ramparts See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the valley of the Lycus, the scene of the severest fighting in the siege of 1453, where the Turks stormed the city, and the last Byzantine emperor met his heroic death . (5) The palace of the Porphyrogenitus,long erroneously identified with the palace of the Hebdomon, which really stood at Makrikeui . It is the finest specimen of Byzantine civil architecture See also:

• LEFT

left in the city .

(6) The tower of Isaac Angelus and the tower of Anemas, with the See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers in the See also:

• BODY

body of the wall to the north of them . (7) The wall of Leo, against which the troops of the Fourth Crusade came, in 1203, from their See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp on the hill opposite the wall, and delivered their chief attack . (8) The walls protecting the quarter of Phanar, which the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and See also:

• FLEET

fleet of the Fourth Crusade under the Venetian See also:

• DOGE

doge Henrico See also:

• DANDOLO
• DANDOLO, VINCENZO, COUNT (1758-1819)

Dandolo carried in 1204 . (9) Yali Kiosk Kapusi, beside which the southern end of the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain drawn across the mouth of the harbour during a siege was attached . (1o) The ruins of the palace of See also:

• HORMISDAS

Hormisdas, near Chatladi Kapu, once the residence of Justinian the Great and See also:

• THEODORA
• THEODORA (d. 1057)

Theodora . It was known in later times as the palace of the Bucoleon, and was the scene of the assassination of Nicephorus See also:

• PHOCAS

Phocas . (1i) The sites of the old harbours between Chatladi Kapu and Daud Pasha Kapusi . (12) The See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble tower near the junction of the walls along the Marmora with the landward walls . The interior arrangements of the city were largely determined by the configuration of its site, which falls into three great divisions,—the level ground and slopes looking towards the Sea of Marmora, the range of hills forming the midland portion of the promontory, and the slopes and level ground facing the Golden Horn . In each See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division a great See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street ran through the city from east to west, generally lined with arcades on one side, but with arcades on both sides when traversing the finer and busier quarters . The street along the ridge formed the principal thoroughfare, and was named the Mese (M&r ), because it ran through the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the city . On reaching the west of the 3rd hill, it divided into two branches, one leading across the 7th hill to the Golden gate, the other conducting to the church of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Apostles, and the gate of See also:

• CHARISIUS, FLAVIUS SOSIPATER

Charisius (Edit-See also:

• NET

net Kapusi) .

The Mese linked together the great fora of the city,—the Augustaion on the south of St Sophia, the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum of Constantine on the summit of the 2nd hill, the forum of Theodosius I. or of See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus on the summit of the 3rd hill, the forum of Amastrianon where the mosque of Shah Zadeh is situated, the forum of the Bous at Ak Serai, and the forum of See also:

• ARCADIUS
• ARCADIUS (378–408)

Arcadius or Theodosius II. on the summit of the 7th hill . This was the route followed on the occasion of triumphal processions . Of the edifices and monuments which adorned the fora, only a slight See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch can be given here . On the north side of the Augustaion See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose the church of St Sophia, the most glorious See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of Eastern Christendom; opposite, on the southern side of the square, was the Chalce, the great gate of the imperial palace; on the east was the senate house, with a See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch of six See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble columns; to the west, across the Mese, were the law courts . In the area of the square stood the Milion, whence distances from Constantinople were measured, and a lofty column which See also:

• BORE

bore the equestrian statue of Justinian the Great . There also was the statue of the empress Eudoxia, famous in the history of See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom, the See also:

• PEDESTAL (Fr. piedestal, Ital. piedestallo, foot of a stall)

pedestal of which is preserved near the church of St See also:

• IRENE

Irene . The Augustaion was the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the city's ecclesiasticaland political life . The forum of Constantine was a great business centre . Its most remarkable See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was the column of Constantine, built of twelve drums of See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry and bearing aloft his statue . Shorn of much of its beauty, the column still stands to proclaim the enduring influence of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the city . In the forum of Theodosius I. rose a column in his honour, constructed on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the hollow columns of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan and See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus Aurelius at Rome . There also was the Anemodoulion, a beautiful pyramidal structure, surmounted by a See also:

• VANE (formerly spelt " fane," i.e. pennon, flag; cf. Ger. Feline, Du. vaan, Fr. girouette, Ital. banderuola, Ger. Wellerfahne)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1589-1654)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1613-1662)

vane to indicate the direction of the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind .

Close to the forum, if not in it, was the capitol, in which the university of Constantinople was established . The most conspicuous See also:

• OBJECT

object in the forum of the Bous was the figure of an ox, in See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, beside which the bodies of criminals were sometimes burnt . Another hollow column, the pedestal of which is now known as Avret Tash, adorned the forum of Arcadius . A column in honour of the emperor See also:

• MARCIAN (c. 390-457)

Marcian still stands in the valley of the Lycus, below the mosque of Sultan Mahommed the Conqueror . Many beautiful statues, belonging to See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good periods of Greek and Roman See also:

• ART

art, decorated the fora, streets and public buildings of the city, but conflagrations and the vandalism of the Latin and Ottoman conquerors of Constantinople have robbed the world of those treasures . The imperial palace, founded by Constantine and extended by his successors, occupied the territory which lies to the east of St Sophia and the Hippodrome down to the water's edge . It consisted of a large number of detached buildings, in grounds made beautiful with gardens and trees, and commanding magnificent views over the Sea of Marmora, across to the hills and mountains of the Asiatic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The buildings were mainly grouped in three divisions—the Chalce, the See also:

• DAPHNE

Daphne and the " sacred palace." Labarte and Paspates have attempted to reconstruct the palace, taking as their See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide the descriptions given of it by Byzantine writers . The work of Labarte is specially valuable, but without proper excavations of the site all attempts to restore the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the palace with much accuracy lack a solid foundation . With the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Alexius Comnenus, the palace of Blachernae, at the north-western corner of the city, became the principal residence of the Byzantine court, and was in See also:

• CON

con-sequence extended and embellished . It stood in a more retired position, and was conveniently situated for excursions into the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting expeditions . Of the palaces outside the walls, the most frequented were the palace at the Hebdomon, now Makrikeui, in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of the Empire, and the palace of the Pege; now Balukli, a short distance beyond the gate of Selivria, in later times .

For municipal purposes, the city was divided, like Rome, into fourteen Regions . As the seat of the chief See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate of Eastern Christeadom, Constantinople was characterized by a strong theological and ecclesiastical temperament . It was full of churches and monasteries, enriched with the reputed See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints, prophets and martyrs, which consecrated it a holy city and attracted pilgrims from every quarter to its shrines . It was the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of numerous ecclesiastical See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, some of them ecumenical (see below, CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF) . It was likewise distinguished for its numerous charitable institutions . Only some twenty of the old churches of the city are left . Most of them have been converted into mosques, but they are valuable monuments of the art which flourished in New Rome . Among the most interesting are the following . St John of the Studium (Emir-Achor Jamissi) is a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica of the middle of the 5th century, and the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest ecclesiastical fabric in the city; it is now, unfortunately, almost a complete ruin . SS . See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius and Bacchus (Kutchuk Aya See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia) and St Sopl_ia are erections of Justinian the Great . The former is an example of a See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome placed on an octagonal structure, and in its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general plan is similar to the con-temporary church of S .

Vitale at See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna . St Sophia (i.e . 'Aryia Mo4ia, Holy See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom) is the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of Byzantine art, and, one of the most beautiful buildings in the world . St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Diaconissa (Kalender Jamissi) is a fine specimen of the work of the closing years of the 6th century . St Irene, founded by Constantine, and repaired by Justinian, is in its present form mainly a restoration by Leo the Isaurian, in the middle of the 8th century . St Mary Panachrantos (Fenari Isa Mesjidi) belongs to the reign of Leo the Wise (886-912) . The Myrelaion (Bodrum Jami) See also:

• DATES

dates from the loth century . The Pantepoptes (Eski Imaret Jamissi), the Pantocrator (Zeirek Kilisse Jam issi), and the body of the church of the Chora (Kahriyeh Jamissi) represent the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the Comneni . The Pammacaristos (Fetiyeh Jamissi), St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew in Krisei (Khoja Mustapha Jamissi, the narthexes and side See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the Chora were, at least in their present form, erected in the times of the Palaeologi . It is difficult to assign precise dates to SS . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark (Khoda Mustapha Jamissi at Aivan Serai), St See also:

• THEODOSIA

Theodosia (Gul Jamissi), St See also: