See also:

• HENRI

HENRI See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

BENJAMIN See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

CONSTANT DE REBECQUE (1767-183o)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French writer and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne on the 25th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1767 . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Henriette de Chandieu, died at his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth; and his See also:

• FATHER

father, Juste See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold de See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

Constant, commanded a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment in the Dutch service . After a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good private See also:

• EDUCATION

education at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, he was sent to See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, and thence to See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen; a subsequent See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and the relations there formed with prominent Whigs profoundly influenced his See also:

• POLITICAL

political views . He returned to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland in 1786, and in the next See also:

• YEAR

year visited See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he met Madame de Charriere, a Dutchwoman who had married into a Swiss See also:

• FAMILY

family with which his own was connected . Madame de Charriere, although twenty-seven years older than Constant, became his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, and the liaison, an affair possibly more of the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect than of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, lasted until 1796, when Constant became intimate with Madame de See also:

• STAEL, MADAME DE

Stael . After an escapade in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1787, he spent two months with her at See also:

• COLOMBIER, PIERRE BERTRAND DE (1299-1361)

Colombier before becoming, in deference to his father's wishes, See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, where in 1789 he married one of the ladies-in-waiting, See also:

• WILHELMINA (SOPHIA FRIDERIKA WILHELMINA) (1709-1758)
• WILHELMINA [WILHELMINA HELENA PAULINE MARIA OF ORANGE-NASSAU] (188o– )

Wilhelmina, Baroness Chramm . The duke's See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition against See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France made his service incompatible with Constant's political opinions, which were already definitely republican, and, on the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in 1794, he resigned his See also:

• POST

post . Meanwhile his father had been accused of malversation of the funds of his regiment; See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin helped him with his See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, with the result that he was finally exonerated and restored to the service with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . Constant, who had met Madame de Stael at Lausanne in 1794, followed her in the next year to Paris, where he rapidly became a personage in the moderate republican circle which met in her See also:

• SALON

salon; and by 1796 he had established with her intimate relations, which, in spite of many storms, endured for ten years . In 1796 he published two See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets in defence of the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory and against the See also:

• COUNTER

counter-revolution, " De la force du gouvernement actuel et de la necessite de se rallier " and " See also:

• DES

Des reactions politiques." He was one of the promoters of the constitutional See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club of Salm, formed to counterbalance the royalist club of See also:

• CLICHY

Clichy, and he supported See also:

• BARRAS, PAUL FRANCOIS NICOLAS, COMTE DE (1755-1829)

Barras in 1797 and 1799 in the coups d'etat of 18 Fructidor, and of 18 See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1799, he was nominated a member of the Tribunate, where he showed from the outset an See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence quite unacceptable to See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, by whom he was removed in the " creaming " of that See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly in 1802 . His incessant opposition was attributed partly to his association with Madame de Stael, whose salon was a centre for those disaffected from the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic regime, and in 1803 he followed her into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile .

After M. de Stael's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1802, there was no longer any obstacle to their marriage, but Madame de Stael was apparently unwilling to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change her name . Much of Constant's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was spent with her at Coppet; but he also made See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long sojourns at See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar, where he mixed in the See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe-See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller circle, and accumulated material for the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work on See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion which he had begun, so far back as 1787, at Colom-bier . His relations with Madame de Stael became more and more difficult, and in 18o8 he secretly married See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte von See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg, whom he had known at Brunswick, and whose See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce from her second See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, General Dutertre, he had secured . Even his marriage, which did not prove a happy one, was insufficient to cause an entire See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with Corinne, who insisted on his return to Coppet for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time . In 1811, while residing with his wife's relations at Hardenberg, near See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, he was brought into contact with See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism, which considerably modified his earlier sceptical views on religion . The Napoleonic reverses of 1813 brought him back to politics, and in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November he published at See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover his De l'esprit de conquete et de l'usurpalion dans leers rapports avec la civilisation europeenne, directed against Napoleon . He also entered into relations with the See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden (Bernadotte), who conferred on him the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Polar See also:

• STAR

Star . On his return to Paris, during its occupation by the allied sovereigns, he was well received by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I. of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and resumed his old See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the Liberal salon of Madame de Stael . In a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of pamphlets he advocated the principles of a Liberal See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy and the freedom of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press . At this point began the second great See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment of his See also:

• LIFE

life, his unfortunate infatuation for Madame See also:

• RECAMIER, JEANNE FRANCOISE JULIE ADELAIDE (1777-1849)

Recamier, under whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence he committed the worst blunder of his political career . At the beginning of the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days he had violently asserted in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal des debats his See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution not to be a political turncoat, and had See also:

• LEFT

left Paris . Attracted by Madame Recamier, he soon returned, and after an interview with Napoleon on the loth of See also:

• APRIL

April, he became a supporter of his See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up the Acle constitutionnel .

The return of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. drove him into exile . In See also:

• LONDON

London in 1815 he published Adolphe, one of the earliest examples of the psychological novel . It had been written in 1807, and is intrinsically autobiographical; that Adolphe represents Constant himself there is no dispute, but Ellenore probably owes something both to Madame de Charriere and Madame de Stael . In 1816 he was again in Paris, advocating Liberal constitutional principles . He founded in 1818 with other Liberal journalists the Minerve See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise and in 182o La Renommee . In 1819 he was returned to the Chamber of Deputies, and proved so formidable an opponent that the government made a vain See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to exclude him from the Chamber on the ground of his Swiss birth . Perhaps the greatest service he rendered to his party was his consistent advocacy of the freedom of the press . At the outbreak of the revolution of 183o he was absent from Paris, having undergone an operation, but he re-turned at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of See also:

• LAFAYETTE

Lafayette to take his share in the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of Louis Philippe to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . On the 27th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August he was made See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, but he died on the 8th of December of the same year . During his later years he had been a cripple in consequence of a fall in the Chamber of Deputies, and he fought the last of his many duels sitting in a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair . After the death, in 1817, of Madame de Stael, whom he continued to visit daily until the end, he had ceased to go into society, giving himself up to his See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for See also:

• PLAY

play . To pay his gambling debts he accepted a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of 200,000 francs from Louis Philippe, thus affording a ready handle to his enemies .

The failure of his candidature for the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy in 1830 is said to have been a See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock to his enfeebled See also:

• HEALTH

health . Constant's political career was spoiled by his liaison with Madame de Stael, and at the Restoration was further disturbed by his unreturned passion for Madame Recamier . His defects as a debater were not compensated entirely by the excellence of his set speeches; but his wide culture and powerful intellect were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to leave their See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark on affairs . His political in-consistencies were more apparent than real, for there was no break in his advocacy of Liberal principles . His best See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing is to be found in his journalism and See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence (only a small See also:

• PART

part of which has been published), rather than in his more pretentious political pamphlets . In the most important of his writings, De la religion consideree dans sa source, ses formes, et ses develop pements (5 vols., 1825-1831), he traces the successive transformations of the religious sentiment imperishable under its varying forms . Besides Adolphe, in its way as important as See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand's Rene, he left two other sketches of novels in MS., which are apparently lost . His political tracts were collected by himself as, Collection See also:

• COMPLETE

complete des ouvrages publies sur . . . la France, formant une espece de cours de politique constitutionnelle (4 vols., 1818-182o), as were his Discours a la Chambre des Deputes (2 vols., 1827) .