THE See also:

• NATIONAL

NATIONAL See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• THE NATIONAL CONVENTION

CONVENTION  , in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the constitutional and legislative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly which sat from the aoth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1792 to the 26th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1795 (the 4th of See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire of the See also:

• YEAR

year IV.) . On the loth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1792, when the populace of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris stormed the Tuileries and demanded the abolition of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, the Legislative Assembly decreed the provisional suspension of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and the See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation of a See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention which should draw up a constitution . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was decided that the deputies to that convention should be elected by all Frenchmen 25 years old, domiciled for a year and living by the product of their labour . The National Convention was therefore the first See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French assembly elected by universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage, without distinctions of class . The See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age limit of the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors was further lowered to 21, and that of eligibility was fixed at 25 years . The first session was held on the loth of September 1792 . The next See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty was abolished, and on the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand it was decided that all documents should be henceforth dated from the year I. of the French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic . The Convention was destined to last for three years . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and it seemed best to postpone the new constitution until See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace should be concluded . At the same time as the Convention prolonged its See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers it extended them considerably in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to meet the pressing dangers which menaced the Republic . Though a legislative assembly, it took over the executive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, entrusting it to its own members . This "confusion of powers," which was contrary to the philosophical theories—those of See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu especially—which had inspired the Revolution at first, was one of the essential characteristics of the Convention .

The See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of exceptional See also:

• MEASURES

measures by which that confusion of powers was created constitutes the "Revolutionary See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government" in the strict sense of the word, a government which was principally in vigour during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period called "the Terror." It is thus necessary to distinguish, in the See also:

• WORK

work of the Convention, the temporary expedients from measures intended to be permanent . The Convention held its first session in a See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of the Tuileries, then it sat in the hall of Manegey and finally from. the loth of May 1793 in that of the See also:

• SPECTACLES

Spectacles (or See also:

• MACHINES

Machines), an immense hall in which the deputies were but loosely scattered . This last hall had tribunes for the public, which often influenced the debate by interruptions or See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause . The full number of deputies was 749, not counting 33 from the colonies, of whom only a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section arrived in Paris . Besides these, however, the departments annexed from 1792 to 1795 were allowed to send deputations . Many of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original deputies died or were exiled during the Convention, but not all their places were filled by suppleants . Some of those proscribed during the Terror returned after the 9th of See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor . Finally, many members were sent. away either to the departments or to the armies, on See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions which lasted sometimes for a considerable length of time . For all these reasons it is difficult to find out the number of deputies See also:

• PRESENT

present at any given date, for votes by See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll-See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call were rare . Inthe Terror the number of those voting averaged only 250 . The members of the Convention were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from all classes of society, but the most numerous were lawyers . Seventy-five members had sat in the Constituent Assembly, 183 in the Legislative .

According to its own ruling, the Convention elected its See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president every fortnight . He was eligible for re-See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election after the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of a fortnight . Ordinarily the sessions were held in the See also:

• MORNING

morning, but evening sessions were also frequent, often extending See also:

• LATE

late into the See also:

• NIGHT

night . Sometimes in exceptional circumstances the Convention declared itself in permanent session and sat for several days without interruption . For both legislative and administrative purposes the Convention used committees, with powers more or less widely extended and regulated by successive See also:

• LAWS

laws . The most famous of these committees are those of Public Safety, of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

Security, of See also:

• EDUCATION

Education (Comite de salut public, Comite de silrete generale, Comite de l'instruction) . The work of the Convention was immense in all branches of public affairs . To appreciate it without See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice, one should recall that this assembly saved France from a See also:

• CIVIL

civil war and invasion, that it founded the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of public education (Museum, Ecole Polytechnique, Ecole Normale Superieure, Ecole See also:

• DES

des Langues orientales, See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire), created institutions of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital importance, like that of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Livre de la Dette publique, and definitely established the social and See also:

• POLITICAL

political gains of the Revolution . See FRENCH REVOLUTION; See also:

• GIRONDISTS (Fr. Girondins)

GIRONDISTS; See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

MOUNTAIN; See also:

• DANTON, GEORGE JACQUES (1759-1794)

DANTON; See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

ROBESPIERRE; See also:

• MARAT, JEAN PAUL (1743-1793)

MARAT, &C .