See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

CONVOCATION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. convocatio, a calling together)  , an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of persons met together in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to a See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons . The See also:

• TERM

term is more usually applied in a restricted sense to assemblies of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy or of the graduates of certain See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities . In the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Episcopal See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church a See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation is a voluntary deliberative See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference of the clergy; it has no legislative See also:

• FUNCTION

function, and like the convocation of a university, assembles primarily to discuss matters of See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• INTEREST

interest . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the name " convocation " is specifically given to an assembly of the spirituality of the See also:

• REALM

realm of England, which is summoned by the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan archbishops of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury and of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York respectively, within their ecclesiastical provinces, pursuant to a royal See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ, whenever the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of the realm is summoned, and which is also continued or discharged, as the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case may be, whenever the parliament is prorogued or dissolved . These assemblies consist of two Houses, an upper and See also:

• LOWER

lower . In the upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house sit the archbishops and bishops, and in the lower the deans and archdeacons of every See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, the See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of See also:

• ETON

Eton See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, with one See also:

• PROCTOR
• PROCTOR, ALEXANDER PHIMISTER (1862– )
• PROCTOR, RICHARD ANTHONY (1837-1888)

proctor elected by each cathedral See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter and two by the beneficed clergy in each See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Canterbury (in the province of York two proctors are elected by each See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon), with a See also:

• PROLOCUTOR

prolocutor at their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . When and how this convocation originated is not historically clear . This much is known from See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic records, that the See also:

• PRESENT

present constitution of the convocation of the prelates and clergy of the province of Canterbury was recognized as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as in the See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh See also:

• YEAR

year of the reign of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I . (1283) as its normal constitution; and that in extorting that recognition from the See also:

• CROWN

crown, which the clergy accomplished by refusing to attend unless summoned in lawful manner (debito modo) through their metropolitan, the clergy of the province of Canterbury taught the laity the possibility of maintaining the freedom of the nation against the encroachments of the royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . It had been a See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of the Anglo-Saxon See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, the origin of which isgenerally referred to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Clovesho ('47), that the possessions of the church should be exempt from See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation by the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular power, and that it should be See also:

• LEFT

left to the benevolence of the clergy to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant such subsidies to the crown from the endowments of their churches as they should agree to in their own assemblies . It may be inferred, however, from the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the various writs issued by the crown for the collection of the " See also:

• AIDS

aids " voted by the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune Concilium of the realm in the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III., that the clergy were unable to maintain the exemption of church See also:

• PROPERTY

property from being taxed to those " aids " during that See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's reign; and it was not until some years had elapsed of the reign of Edward I. that the spirituality succeeded in vindicating their constitutional See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of voting in their own assemblies their See also:

• FREE

free gifts or " benevolences," and in insisting on the crown observing the lawful See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of convoking those assemblies through the metropolitan of each province . The form of the royal writ, which it is customary to issue in the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day to the metropolitan of each province, is identical in its purport with the writ issued by the crown in I283 to the metropolitan of the province of Canterbury, after the clergy of that province had refused to meet at See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton in the previous year, because they had not been summoned in lawful manner; whilst the mandates issued by the metropolitans in pursuance of the royal writs, and the citations issued by the bishops in pursuance of the mandates of their respective metropolitans, are identical in their purport and form with those used in summoning the convocation of 1283, which met at the New See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LONDON

London, and voted a " benevolence " to the crown, as having been convoked in lawful manner .

The existing constitution of the convocation of the province of Canterbury—and the same observation will apply to that of the province of York—in respect of its comprising representatives of the chapters and of the beneficed clergy, in addition to the bishops and other dignitaries of the church, would thus appear to be of even more See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient date than the existing constitution of the parliament of the realm . From this period down to the eleventh year of the reign of Edward III. there were continual contests between the spirituality of the realm and the crown,—the spirituality contest contending for their constitutional right to See also:

• VOTE

vote their between subsidies in their provincial convocations; the crown, spiritu_ on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, insisting on the immediate attend- aiity and ance of the clergy in parliament . The resistance of the crown clergy to the innovation of the "praemunientes " clause had so far prevailed in the reign of Edward II. that the crown consented to summon the clergy to parliament through their metropolitans, and a See also:

• SPECIAL

special form of provincial writ was for that purpose framed; but the clergy protested against this writ, and the struggle was maintained between the spirituality and the crown until 1337 (11 Edward III.), when the crown reverted to the ancient practice of commanding the metropolitans to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call together their clergy in their provincial assemblies, where their subsidies were voted in the manner as accustomed before the " praemunientes " clause was introduced . The " praemunientes " clause, however, was continued in the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary writs issued to the several bishops of both provinces, whilst the bishops were permitted to neglect at their See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the writs . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the convocation of the province of Canterbury, as at present constituted, is full of stirring incidents, and it resolves itself readily into five periods . The first period, by which is meant the first period which See also:

• DATES

dates ac See also:

• CHAR (Salvelinus)

char cte ristic from an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of authentic history, is the period of its periods. greatest freedom, but not of its greatest activity . It extends from the reign of Edward I . (1283) to that of Henry VIII . The second period is the period of its greatest activity and of its greatest usefulness, and it extends from the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Henry VIII. to the reign of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II . The third period extends from the fifteenth year of the reign of Charles II . (1664) to the reign of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I . This was a period of turbulent activity and little usefulness, and the anarchy of the lower house of convocation during this period created a strong See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice against the revival of convocation in the mind of the laity .

The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth period extends from the third year of the reign of George I . (1716) to the fifteenth year of the reign of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria . This was a period of torpid inactivity, during which it was customary for convocation to be summoned and to meet See also:

• PRO

pro forma, and to be continued and prorogued indefinitely . The fifth period maybe considered to have commenced in the fifteenth year of the reign of Queen Victoria (1852) . During the first of the five periods above mentioned, it would appear from the records preserved at See also:

• LAMBETH

Lambeth and at York that the metropolitans frequently convened congregations (so called) of their clergy without the authority of a royal writ, which were constituted precisely as the convocations were constituted, when the metropolitans were commanded to call their clergy together pursuant to a writ from the crown . As soon, however, as King Henry VIII. had obtained from the clergy their See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of the supremacy of the crown in all ecclesiastical causes, he constrained the spirituality to declare, by what has been termed the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Submission on behalf of the clergy, that the convocation " is, always has been, and ought to be summoned by authority of a royal writ "; and this See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration was embodied in a See also:

• STATUTE

statute of the realm (25 Henry VIII. c . 19), which further enacted that the convocation " should thenceforth make no provincial canons, constitutions or ordinances without the royal assent and See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence." The spirituality was thus more closely incorporated than heretofore in the See also:

• BODY

body politic of the realm, seeing that no deliberations on its See also:

• PART

part can take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place unless the crown has previously granted its licence for such deliberations . It had been already provided during this period by 8 Henry VI. c . 1, that the prelates and other clergy, with their servants and attendants, when called to the convocation pursuant to the king's writ, should enjoy the same See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence in coming, tarrying and returning as the magnates and the See also:

• COMMONS

commons of the realm enjoy when summoned to the king's parliament . The second period, which dates from 1533 to 1664, has been distinguished by four important assemblies of the spirituality of the realm in pursuance of a royal writ—the two first of which occurred in the reign of Edward VI., the third in the reign of Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, and the in the reign of Charles II . The two earliest of these convocations were summoned to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the See also:

• WORK

work of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation of the Church of England, which had been begun by Henry VIII.; the third was called together to reconstruct that work, which had been marred on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary (the See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain), whilst the fourth was summoned to re-establish the Church of England, the framework of which had been demolished during the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . On all of these occasions the convocations worked hand in hand with the parliament of the realm under a licence and with the assent of the crown .

Meanwhile the convocation of 1603 had framed a body of canons for the governance of the clergy . Another convocation requires a passing See also:

• NOTICE

notice, in which certain canons were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in 1640, but by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of an irregularity in the proceedings of this convocation (chiefly, on the ground that its sessions were continued for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time after the parliament of the realm had been dissolved), its canons are not held to have any binding See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation on the clergy . The convocations had up to this time maintained their liberty of voting the subsidies of the clergy in the form of " benevolences " See also:

• SEPARATE

separate and apart from the " aids " granted by the laity in parliament, and one of the objections taken to the proceedings of the convocation of 1640 was that it had continued to sit and to vote its subsidies to the crown after the parliament itself had been dissolved . It is not, therefore, surprising on the restoration of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy in 1661 that the spirituality was not anxious to retain the liberty of taxing itself apart from the laity, seeing that its ancient liberty was likely to prove of questionable See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage to it . It voted, however, a benevolence to the crown on the occasion of its first assembling in 1661 after the restoration of King Charles II., and it continued so to do until 1664, when an arrangement was made between See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• SHELDON, CHARLES MONROE (1857- )
• SHELDON, GILBERT (1598-1677)

Sheldon and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde, under which the spirituality silently waived its See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-asserted The most important and the last work of the convocation during this second period of its activity was the revision of the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Common See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer which was completed in the latter part of 1661 . The Revolution in 1688 is the most important epoch in the third period of the history of the synodical proceedings of the spirituality, when the convocation of Canterbury, Third having met in 1689 in pursuance of a royal writ, period obtained a licence under the great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal, to prepare certain alterations in the See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy and in the canons, and to deliberate on the reformation of the ecclesiastical courts . A feeling, however, of panic seemseto have come over the Lower House, which took up a position of violent antagonism to the Upper House . This circumstance led to the See also:

• PROROGATION

prorogation of the convocation and to its subsequent See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge without any See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit resulting from the king's licence . Ten years elapsed during which the convocation was prorogued from time to time without any See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of its members for business being allowed . The next convocation which was permitted to meet for business, in 1700, was marked by great turbulence and in-subordination on the part of the members of the Lower House, who refused to recognize the authority of the archbishop to prorogue their sessions . This controversy was kept up until the discharge of the convocation took place concurrently with the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the parliament in the autumn of that year . The proceedings of the Lower House in this convocation were disfigured by excesses which were clearly violations of the constitutional See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the convocation .

The Lower House refused to take notice of the archbishop's See also:

• SCHEDULE

schedule of prorogation, and adjourned itself by its own authority, and upon the See also:

• DEMISE

demise of the crown it disputed the fact of its sessions having expired, and as parliament was to continue for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time, prayed that its sessions might be continued as a part of the parliament under the " praemunientes " clause . The next convocation was summoned in the first year of Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, when the Lower House, under the leadership of See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean See also:

• ALDRICH, HENRY (1647-1710)
• ALDRICH, NELSON WILMARTH (1841- )
• ALDRICH, THOMAS BAILEY (1836-1907)

Aldrich, its prolocutor, challenged the right of the archbishop to prorogue it, Claim o! and presented a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition to the queen, praying her Lower See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty to call the question into her own presence . House to The question was thereupon examined by the queen's sit mndecouncil, when the right of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president to prorogue pendently both houses of convocation by a schedule of prorogation was held to be proved, and further, that it could not be altered except by an act of parliament . During the remaining years of the reign of Queen Anne the two Houses of convocation were engaged either in internecine strife, or in censuring sermons or books, as teaching latitudinarian or heretical doctrines; and, when it had been assembled concurrently with parliament on the accession of King George I., a great See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach was before long created between the two houses by the Bangorian controversy . Dr See also:

• HOADLY, BENJAMIN (1676-1761)

Hoadly, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BANGOR
• BANGOR (formerly BANGOR FAWR, as distinguished from several other towns of this name in Wales, Ireland, Brittany, &c.)

Bangor, having preached a See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon before the king, in the Royal See also:

• CHAPEL

Chapel at St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace in 1717, against the principles and practice of the See also:

• NONJURORS

nonjurors, which had been printed ' It had always been the practice, when the clergy voted their subsidies in their convocation, for parliament to authorize the collection of each See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy by the same commissioners who collected the parliamentary aid . I2 First period . Second period . fourth Sheldonian compact by the king's command, the Lower House, which was offended by the sermon and had also been offended by a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the same subject published by Dr Hoadly in the previous Bangorlan year, lost no time in representing the sermon to the eon- troversy . Upper House, and in calling for its condemnation . A controversy thereupon arose between the two houses which was kept up with untiring See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy by the Lower House, until the convocation was prorogued in 1717 in pursuance of a royal writ; from which time until 1861 no licence from the crown was granted to convocation to proceed to business . During this period, which may be regarded as the fourth distinguishing period in the history of the convocations of the Church of England, it was usual for a few members of the convocation to meet when first summoned with every new parliament, in pursuance of the royal writ, for the Lower House to elect a prolocutor, and for both houses to vote an address to the crown, after which the convocation was prorogued from time to time, pursuant to royal writs, and ultimately discharged when the parliament was dissolved . There were, however, several occasions between 1717 and 1 741 when the convocation of the province of Canterbury transacted certain matters, by way of consultation, which did not require any licence from the crown, and there was a short period in its session of 1741 when there was a See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of its being allowed to resume its de- liberative functions, as the Lower House had consented to obey the president's schedule of prorogation; but the Lower House having declined to receive a .communication from the Upper House, the convocation was forthwith prorogued, from which time until the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the convocation was not permitted by the crown to enjoy any opportunity even for consultation .

The spirituality at last aroused itself from its long repose in 1852, and on this occasion the Upper House took the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . The active spirit of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement was See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Wilber- Fifth force, bishop of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, but the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master mind was period . Henry See also:

• PHILLPOTTS, HENRY (1778-1869)

Phillpotts, bishop of See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter . On the convoca- tion assembling several petitions were presented to both houses, praying them to take steps to procure from the crown the necessary licence for their meeting for the despatch of business, and an address to the Upper House was brought up from the Lower House, calling the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the Upper House to the reasonableness of the prayer of the various petitions . After some discussion the Upper House, influenced mainly by the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument of Henry, bishop of Exeter, consented to receive the address of the Lower House, and the convocation was there-upon prorogued, shortly after which it was discharged concurrently with the dissolution of parliament . On the assembling of the next convocation of the province of Canterbury, no royal writ of exoneration having been sent by the crown to the metropolitan, the sessions of the convocation were continued for several days; and from this time forth convocation may, be considered to have resumed its See also:

• ACTION

action as a consultative body, whilst it has also been permitted on more than one occasion to exercise its functions as a deliberative body . In 1865, under licence from the crown, the Convocations of Canterbury and York framed new canons in place of the 36th, 37th, 38th and 4oth canons of 1603, and amended the 62nd and Io2nd canons in 1888 . In 1872 convocation was empowered by letters of business from the crown to See also:

• FRAME

frame resolutions on the subject of public See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, which resolutions were afterwards incorporated in the Act of Uniformity See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

Amendment Act 1872 . As a deliberative body, convocation has done much useful work, but it suffers considerably from its unrepresentative nature . The non-beneficed clergy still remain without the See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise, but the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of Houses of Laymen (see LAYMEN, HousEs oF) for both provinces has, to a certain extent, secured the co-operation of the See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . Several attempts have been made to promote legislation to enable the convocations to reform their constitutions and to enable them to unite for special purposes; in 1905 a See also:

• BILL

bill was introduced into the House of Lords . It did not, however, get beyond a first See also:

• READING

reading .

In 1896 a departure was made in holding See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint sessions of both convocations, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the two Houses of Laymen, for See also:

• CON

con-sultative purposes . This body is now termed the Representative Church Council, and it adopted a Constitution in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1905 . All formal business is transacted in the separate convocations . It is usual for convocation to meet three times a year . The order of convening the convocation of the province of Canter-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury is as follows . A writ issues from the crown, addressed to the metropolitan archbishop of Canterbury, commanding him " by reason of certain difficult and urgent affairs concerning us, the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security and defence of our Church of England, and the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and tranquillity, public See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and defence of our See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and our subjects of the same, to call together with all convenient See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed, and in lawful manner, the several bishops of the province of Canterbury, and deans of the cathedral churches, and also the archdeacons, chapters and colleges, and the whole clergy of every diocese of the said province, to appear before the said metropolitan in the cathedral church of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, London, on a certain day, or elsewhere, as shall seem most expedient, to treat of, agree to and conclude upon the premises and other things, which to them shall then at the same place be more clearly explained on our behalf." In case the metropolitical see of Canterbury should be vacant, the writ of the crown is ad-dressed to the dean and chapter of the metropolitical church of Canterbury in similar terms, as being the guardians of the spiritualities of the see during a vacancy . Thereupon the metropolitan, or, as the case may be, the dean and chapter of the metropolitical church, issue a See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate to the bishop of London, as dean of the province, and if the bishopric of London should be vacant, then to the bishop of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester as subdean, which embodies the royal writ, and directs the bishop to cause all the bishops of the province to be cited, and through them the deans of the cathedral and collegiate churches, and the archdeacons and other dignitaries of churches, and each chapter by one, and the clergy of each diocese by two sufficient proctors, to appear before the metropolitan or his See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary, or, as the case may be, before the dean and chapter of the metropolitical church or their commissary, in the chapter-house of the cathedral church of St Paul, London, if that place be named in the mandate, or elsewhere, with continuation and prorogation of days next following, if that should be necessary, to treat upon arduous and weighty affairs, which shall concern the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and welfare, public good and defence of this kingdom and the subjects thereof, to be then and there seriously laid before them, and to give their good counsel and assistance on the said affairs, and to consent to such things as shall happen to be wholesomely ordered and appointed by their common advisement, for the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• GOD

God and the good of the church . The provincial dean, or the subdean, as the case may be, there-upon issues a See also:

• CITATION (Lat. citare, to cite)

citation to the several bishops of the province, which embodies the mandate of the metropolitan or of the dean and chapter of the metropolitical church, as the case may be, and admonishes them to appear, and to cite and admonish their clergy, as specified in the metropolitical mandate, to appear at the time and place mentioned in the mandate . The bishops thereupon either summon directly the clergy of their respective dioceses to appear before them or their commissaries to elect two proctors, or they send a citation to their archdeacons, according to the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of the diocese, directing them to summon the clergy of their respective archdeaconries to elect a proctor . The practice of each diocese in this See also:

• MATTER

matter is the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the convocation, and the practice varies indefinitely as regards the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of proctors to represent the beneficed clergy . As regards the deans, the bishops send special writs to them to appear in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, and to cause their chapters to appear severally by one proctor . Writs also go to every archdeacon, and on the day named in the royal writ, which is always the day next following that named in the writ to summon the parliament, the convocation assembles in the place named in the archbishop's mandate .

There-upon, after the See also:

• LITANY

Litany has been sung or said, and a Latin sermon preached by a preacher appointed by the metropolitan, the clergy are praeconized or summoned by name to appear before the metropolitan or his commissary; after which the clergy of the Lower House are directed to withdraw and elect a prolocutor to be presented to the metropolitan for his approbation . The convocation thus constituted resolves itself at its next meeting into two houses, and it is in a See also:

• FIT

fit state to proceed to business . The constitution of the convocation of the province of York differs slightly from that of the convocation of the province of Canterbury, as each archdeaconry is represented by two proctors, precisely as in parliament formerly under the Praemunientes clause . There are some anomalies in the diocesan returns of the two convocations, but in all such matters the consuetudo of the diocese is the governing See also:

• RULE

rule . See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPIIY

BIBLIOGRAPIiy.—See also:

• WILKINS, GEORGE (ii. 1607)
• WILKINS, JOHN (1614-1672)
• WILKINS, MARY ELEANOR (1862– )
• WILKINS, SIR CHARLES (1749?-1836)

Wilkins, Concilia Magnae Britannia et Hiberniae (4 vols. See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio, 1737) ; See also:

• GIBSON, CHARLES DANA (1867- )
• GIBSON, EDMUND (1669-1748)
• GIBSON, JOHN (1790-1866)
• GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER (1806-1884)
• GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1850-1896)

Gibson, Codex See also:

• JURIS

Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani (2 vols. folio, 1713) ; See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson, A Collection of all the Ecclesiastical See also:

• LAWS

Laws, Canons and Constitutions of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Church (2 vols . 8vo, 1720) ; Gibson, Synodus Anglicana (8vo, 1702, re-edited by Dr Edward See also:

• CARDWELL
• CARDWELL, EDWARD (1787-1861)
• CARDWELL, EDWARD CARDWELL, VISCOUNT (1813-1886)

Cardwell, 8vo, 1854) ; Shower, A See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter to a Convocation See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man concerning the Rights, See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers and Privileges of that Body (4to, 1697) See also:

• WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch ")
• WAKE, THOMAS (1297-1349)
• WAKE, WILLIAM (1657-1737)

Wake, The Authority of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Princes over their Ecclesiastical Synods asserted, occasioned by a See also:

• LATE

late Pamphlet intituled A Letter Fourth period . to a Convocation Man (8vo, 1697) ; See also:

• ATTERBURY, FRANCIS (1662-1732)

Atterbury, The Rights, Powers and Privileges of an English Convocation stated and vindicated in answer to a late book of Dr Wake's (8vo, 1700) ; See also:

• BURNET
• BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715)
• BURNET, THOMAS (1635-1715)

Burnet, Reflections on a Book intituled The Rights, Powers and Privileges of an English Convocation stated and vindicated (4to, 1700) ; Kennet, Ecclesiastical Synods and Parliamentary Convocations of the Church of England historically stated and justly vindicated from the Misrepresentation of Mr Atterbury (8vo, 1701) ; Atterbury, The Power of the Lower House of Convocation to adjourn itself (4to, 1701); Gibson, The Right of the Archbishop to continue or prorogue the whole Convocation (4to, 1701); Kennet, The Case of the Praemunientes (4to, 1701); See also:

• HOOPER, JOHN (d. 1555)

Hooper, The Narrative of the Lower House vindicated from the Exceptions of a Letter, intituled The Right of the Archbishop to continue or prorogue the Convocation (4to, 1702) ; Atterbury, The Case of the Schedule stated (4to, 1702); Gibson, The Schedule.Reviewed, or the Right of the Archbishop to continue or prorogue the whole Convocation, cleared from the Exception of a late Vindication of the Narrative of the Lower House, and of pa Book intituled The Case of the Schedule stated (4to, 1702) ; See also:

• HODY, HUMPHREY (1659-1707)

Hody, A History of the English See also:

• COUNCILS

Councils and Convocation, and of the Clergy's sitting in Parliament (8vo, 1702) ; Wake, The State of the Church and Clergy of England in their Councils, Synods, Convocations, Conventions, and other Public Assemblies, occasioned by a book intituled The Rights, Powers and Privileges of an English Convocation (fol., 1703) ; Burnet, History of His Own Time (2 vols. folio, 1734), re-edited by Dr See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin J . See also:

• ROUTH, EDWARD JOHN (1831—1907)
• ROUTH, MARTIN JOSEPH (1755–1854)

Routh (6 vols . 8vo, 1833) ; See also:

• HALLAM
• HALLAM, ROBERT (d. 1417)

Hallam, Constitutional History of England (3 vols . 8vo, 1832); Card-well, Documentary See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of the Reformed Church of England (2 vols., 1839) ; Cardwell, A History of Conferences and other Proceedings connected with the revision of the Common Prayer (8vo, 1841); Card-well, Synodalia, a Collection of Articles of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion, See also:

• CANON

Canon and Proceedings of Convocation in the Province of Canterbury (2 vols . 8vo, 1842) ; Lathbury, A History of the Convocation of the Church of England (2nd ed., 8vo, 1853) ; Trevor, The Convocation of the two Provinces (8vo, 1852) ; See also:

• PEARCE, CHARLES SPRAGUE (1851– )

Pearce, The Law See also:

• RELATING

relating to Convocations of the Clergy (8vo, 1848) ; Synodalia, a See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Convocation, commenced in 1852 (8vo) ; The See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle of Convocation, being a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the proceedings of the Convocation of Canterbury, commenced in 1863 (8vo) . (T .

T.; T . A .