See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

JAY See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• JAY COOKE (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

COOKE (1821–1905)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American financier, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SANDUSKY

Sandusky, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, on the loth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1821, the son of Eleutheros See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke (1787–1864), a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer Ohio lawyer, and Whig member of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress from that See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in 1831–1833 . Being destined for a commercial career, See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

Jay Cooke received a preliminary training in a trading See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, and in the booking See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of a transportation See also:

• COMPANY

company in See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen entered the Philadelphia house of E.W . See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark & Company, one of the largest private banking firms in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . He showed such aptitude for business that three years later he was admitted to membership in the See also:

• FIRM

firm, and before he was See also:

• THIRTY

thirty he was also a partner in the New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and St Louis branches of the Clarks . In 1858 he retired from the firm, and for the next three years he devoted himself to reorganizing some of the abandoned See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways and canals and placing them again in operation . On the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1861 he opened in Philadelphia the private banking house of Jay Cooke & Company, and soon achieved See also:

• SIGNAL

signal success in floating at See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of $3,000,000 for the state of Pennsylvania, whose See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit had become notoriously See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early months of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil War Cooke co-operated with the secretary of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon P . See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase, in securing loans from the leading bankers in the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern cities, and his own firm was so successful in distributing treasury notes that Chase engaged him as See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent for the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of the $5oo,000,000 of so-called " five-twenty " bonds authorized by the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the 25th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1862 . To dispose of these bonds the treasury See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department had already tried every See also:

• REGULAR

regular means at its command and had failed . Cooke secured the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the American See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, appointed 2500 sub-agents, and before the machinery he set in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion could be stopped he had sold $11,000,000 more of bonds than had been authorized, an excess which Congress immediately sanctioned . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he used all his influence in favour of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and organized a national See also:

• BANK

bank at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington and another at Philadelphia almost as soon as such institutions were authorized by Congress . In the early months of 1865, when the needs of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government were pressing, and the sale of the new " seven-thirty " notes by the national banks had been very disappointing, Cooke's services were again secured .

He sent agents into the remotest villages and hamlets, and even into the isolated See also:

• MINING

mining camps of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and caused the rural See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers to praise the loan . As a result, between February and See also:

• JULY

July 1865 he had disposed of three See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of the notes, reaching a See also:

• TOTAL

total of $830,000,000 . Through these efforts the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union soldiers were well supplied and well paid while dealing the final blows of the war; and, later, with See also:

• MONEY

money in their pockets, they were disbanded without difficulty . After the war Cooke became interested in the development of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-west, and in 1870 his firm undertook to See also:

• FINANCE

finance the construction of the Northern Pacific railway . In advancing the money for the See also:

• WORK

work, the firm over-estimated the possibilities of its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and at the approach of the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial crisis of 1873 it was forced to suspend . By 188o Cooke had discharged all his obligations, and through an investment in a See also:

• SILVER

silver mine in See also:

• UTAH

Utah had again become wealthy . He died at Ogontz, Pennsylvania, on the 18th of February 1905 . Cooke was noted for his piety, and gave regularly a tenth of his income for religious and charitable purposes . His handsome See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate at Ogontz, which he had been compelled to give up during his See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy, he later repurchased and converted into a school for girls . See E . P . Oberholtzer, Jay Cooke, Financier of the Civil War (Philadelphia, 1907) .