See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES FENIMORE See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• JAMES FENIMORE COOPER (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

COOPER (1789-1851)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American novelist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington, New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, on the 15th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1789 . Reared in the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Otsego See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, N.Y., on the yet unsettled estates of his See also:

• FATHER

father, a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge and member of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, he was sent to school at See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany and at New Haven, and entered Yale See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College in his fourteenth See also:

• YEAR

year, remaining for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the youngest student on the rolls . Three years after-wards he joined the See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• NAVY

navy; but after making a voyage or two in a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel, to perfect himself in See also:

• SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

seaman-See also:

• SHIP

ship, and obtaining his lieutenancy, he married and resigned his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission (1811) . He settled in Westchester See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, N.Y., the " Neutral Ground " of his earliest American See also:

• ROMANCE

romance, and produced anonymously (182o) his first See also:

• BOOK

book, Precaution, a novel of the fashionable school . This was followed (1821) by The See also:

• SPY
• SPY (from " to spy " or " espy"; 0. Fr. espie, espier, to spy, watch; cf. Ger. spdhen, Lat. specere, to look; the Fr. term " espionage "is of course from the same source)

Spy, which was very successful at the date of issue; The Pioneers (1823), the first of the "Leatherstocking" See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series; and The See also:

• PILOT

Pilot (1824), a bold and dashing See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story . The next was Lionel See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln (1825), a feeble and unattractive See also:

• WORK

work; and this was succeeded in 1826 by the famous Last of the Mohicans, a book that is often quoted as its author's masterpiece . Quitting See also:

• AMERICA

America for See also:

• EUROPE

Europe he published at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris The See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie (1826), the best of his books in nearly all respects, and The Red Rover, (1828), by no means his worst . At this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the unequal and uncertain See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent of See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper would seem to have been at its best . These excellent novels were, however, succeeded by one very inferior, The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish (1829); by The Notions of a Travelling See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

Bachelor (1828), an uninteresting book; and by The Waterwitch (1830), one of the poorest of his many sea-stories . In 183o he entered the lists as a party writer, defending in a series of letters to the See also:

• NATIONAL

National, a Parisian See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, the United States against a See also:

• STRING

string of charges brought against them by the Revue Britannique; and for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life he continued skirmishing in See also:

• PRINT

print, sometimes for the national See also:

• INTEREST

interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and not infrequently for both at once . This opportunity of making a See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of faith appears not only to have fortified him in his own convictions, but to have inspired him with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of imposing them on the public through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of his See also:

• ART

art . His next three novels, The See also:

• BRAVO (Ital. for " brave ")

Bravo (1831), The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833), were designed to exalt the See also:

• PEOPLE

people at the expense of the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy .

Of these the first is by no means a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad story, but the others are among the dullest ever written; all were widely read on both sides of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic . In 1833 Cooper returned to America, and immediately published A See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter to my Countrymen, in which he gave his own version of the controversy he had been engaged in, and passed some See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp censure on his compatriots for their See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in it . This attack he followed up with The Monikins (1835) and The American Democrat (1835); with several sets of notes on his travels and experiences in Europe, among which may be remarked his See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (1837), in three volumes, a burst of vanity and See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper; and with Homeward See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

Bound, and See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home as Found (1838), noticeable as containing a highly idealized portrait of himself . All these books tended to increase the ill-feeling between author and public; the Whig See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press was virulent and scandalous in its comments, and Cooper plunged into a series of actions for See also:

• LIBEL

libel . Victorious in all of them, he returned to his old occupation with something of his old vigour and success . A See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Navy of the United States (1839), supplemented (1846) by a set of Lives of Distinguished American See also:

• NAVAL

Naval See also:

• OFFICERS

Officers, was succeeded by The Pathfinder (184o), a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good "Leatherstocking" novel; by Mercedes of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile (184o); The Deerslayer (1841); by The Two Admirals and by Wing and Wing (1842); by See also:

• WYANDOTTE

Wyandotte, The History of a See also:

• POCKET

Pocket Handkerchief, and Ned See also:

• MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901)

Myers (1843); and by Afloat and Ashore, or the Adventures of See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles See also:

• WALLINGFORD

Wallingford (1844) . From pure fiction, however, he turned again to the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of art and controversy in which he had achieved distinction, and in the two Littlepage See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

Manuscripts (1845-1846) be fought with a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of vigour . His next novel was The See also:

• CRATER

Crater, or See also:

• VULCAN (Volcanos)

Vulcan's See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak (1847), in which he attempted to intro-duce supernatural machinery with indifferent success; and this was succeeded by See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak Openings and See also:

• JACK

Jack Tier (1848), the latter a curious rifacimento of The Red Rover; by The Sea Lions (1849); and finally by The Ways of the See also:

• HOUR

Hour (185o), another novel with a purpose, and his last book . He died of See also:

• DROPSY (contracted from the old word hydropisy, derived from the Gr. 154w¢; i Swp, water, and appearance)

dropsy on the 14th of September 1851 at See also:

• COOPERSTOWN

Cooperstown, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . His daughter, Susan Fenimore Cooper (1813-1894), was known as an author and philanthropist . Cooper was certainly one of the most popular authors that have ever written . His stories have been translated into nearly all the See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages of Europe and into some of those of See also:

• ASIA

Asia .

See also:

• BALZAC, HONORS DE (1790-1850)
• BALZAC, JEAN LOUIS GUEZ DE (1594-1654)

Balzac admired him greatly, but with discrimination; See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo pronounced him greater than the great See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• MODERN

modern romance, and this See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict was echoed by a multitude of inferior readers, who were satisfied with no See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title for their favourite less than that of "the American See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott." As a satirist and observer he is simply the "Cooper who 's written six volumes to prove he's as good as a See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord" of See also:

• LOWELL
• LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1856— )
• LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL (1835-1864)
• LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891)
• LOWELL, JOHN (1743-1802)

Lowell's See also:

• CLEVER

clever portrait; his enormous vanity and his irritability find vent in a sort of dull violence, which is exceedingly tiresome . It is only as a novelist that he deserves See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . His qualities are not those of the great masters of fiction; but he had an inexhaustible See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, some See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty for See also:

• SIMPLE

simple combination of incident, a homely tragic force which is very genuine and effective, and up to a certain point a See also:

• FINE

fine narrative See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . His See also:

• LITERARY

literary training was in-adequate; his vocabulary is limited and his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style awkward and pretentious; and he had a fondness for moralizing tritely and obviously, which See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

mars his best passages . In point of conception, each of his three-and-See also:

• THIRTY

thirty novels is either absolutely good or is possessed of a certain amount of merit; but hitches occur in all, so that every one of them is remarkable rather in its episodes than as a whole . Nothing can be more vividly told than the See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of the See also:

• YANKEE

Yankee See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war through the shoals and from the See also:

• ENGLISH

English cruisers in The Pilot, but there are few things flatter in the range of fiction than the other incidents of the novel . It is therefore with some show of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that The Last of the Mohicans, which as a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of brilliantly narrated episodes is certainly the least faulty in this See also:

• MATTER

matter of sustained excellence of See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution, should be held to be the best of his See also:

• WORKS

works . The personages of his See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama are rather to be accounted as so much painted See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and cardboard, than as anything approaching the nature of men and See also:

• WOMEN

women . As a creator of aught but romantic incident, indeed, Cooper's claims to renown must rest on the fine figure of the Leatherstocking, and, in a less degree, on that of his friend and See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion, the Big See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

Serpent . The latter has many and obvious merits, not the least of which is the pathos See also:

• SHED

shed about him in his last incarnation as the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of The Pioneers . Natty Bumpo, however, is a creation of no See also:

• COMMON

common unity and consistency . There are lapses and flaws, and Natty is made to say things which only Cooper, in his most verbosely didactic vein, could have uttered .

But on the whole the impression See also:

• LEFT

left is good and true . In the dignity and simplicity of the old backwoodsman there is something almost Hebraic . With his naive vanity and strong reverent piety, his valiant wariness, his discriminating See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, his fine natural sense of right and wrong, his rough limpid honesty, his kindly See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, his picturesque See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, and his rare skill in woodcraft, he has all the breadth and roundness of a type and all the eccentricities and peculiarities of a portrait . See See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Fenimore Cooper (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1883), by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas R . Lounsbury in the " American Men of Letters " series; See also:

• GRISWOLD, RUFUS WILMOT (1815–1857)

Griswold, See also:

• PROSE

Prose Writers of _America (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1847) ; J . R . Lowell, See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

Fable for Critics; M . A. de See also:

• WOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823)
• WOLFE, JAMES (1727-1759)

Wolfe See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe, American Bookmen (New York, 1898) ; and the introduction by See also:

• MOWBRAY
• MOWBRAY, HARRY SIDDONS (1858– )
• MOWBRAY, ROBERT (d. 1125)

Mowbray See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris to See also:

• MACMILLAN

Macmillan's See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform edition of Cooper's novels (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1900) . (W . E .