See also:

• COPAL (Mexican copalli, incense)

COPAL (Mexican copalli, See also:

• INCENSE

incense)  , a hard lustrous See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin, varying in See also:

• HUE

hue from an almost colourless transparent See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass to a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright yellowish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, having a conchoidal fracture, and, when dissolved in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, spirit of See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine, or any other suitable menstruum, forming one of the most valuable varnishes . See also:

• COPAL (Mexican copalli, incense)

Copal is obtained from a variety of See also:

• SOURCES

sources; the See also:

• TERM

term is not uniformly applied or restricted to the products of any particular region or See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• PLANTS

plants, but is vaguely used for resins which, though very similar in their See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical properties, differ somewhat in their constitution, and are altogether distinct as to their source . Thus the resin obtained from Trachylobium Hornemannianum is known in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce as See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar copal, or See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum See also:

• ANIME

anime . See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar copal is the produce of T. verrucosum . From Guibourtia copallifera is obtained Sierra Leone copal, and another variety of the same resin is found in a fossil See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, probably the produce of a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . From See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil and other See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American countries, again, copal is obtained which is yielded by T r achylobium Martianum, Hymenaea Courbaril, and various other See also:

• SPECIES

species, while the See also:

• DAMMAR, or DAMMER (Hind. damar=resin, pitch)

dammar resins and the piney See also:

• VARNISH

varnish of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India are occasionally classed and spoken of as copal . Of the varieties above enumerated by far the most important from a commercial point of view is the Zanzibar or See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICAN

African copal, yielded by Trachylobium Hornemannianum . The resin is found in two distinct conditions: (I) raw or See also:

• RECENT

recent, called by the inhabitants of the coast sandarusiza miti or chakazi, the latter name being corrupted by Zanzibar traders into " jackass " copal; and (2) ripe or true copal, the sandarusi inti of the natives . The raw copal, which is obtained See also:

• DIRECT

direct from the trees, or found at their roots or near the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the ground, is not regarded by the natives as of much value, and does not enter into See also:

• EUROPEAN

European commerce . It is sent to India and See also:

• CHINA

China, where it is manufactured into a coarse See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of varnish . The true or fossil copal is found embedded in the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth over a wide See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of the mainland coast of Zanzibar, on tracts where not a single tree is now visible . The copal is not found at a greater See also:

• DEPTH

depth in the ground than 4 ft., and it is seldom the diggers go deeper than about 3 ft .

It occurs in pieces varying from the See also:

• SIZE

size of small pebbles up to masses of several ounces in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, and occasionally lumps weighing 4 or 5 lb have been obtained . After being freed from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MATTER

matter, the resin is submitted to various chemical operations for the purpose of clearing the " See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose-skin," the name given to the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar pitted-like surface possessed by fossil copal . The goose-skin was formerly supposed to be caused by the impression of the small stones and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand of the See also:

• SOIL

soil into which the soft resin See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in its raw See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition; but it appears that the copal when first dug up presents no trace of the goose-skin, the subsequent See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of which is due to oxidation or inter-molecular See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change .