See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand (Sjaelland) at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end of the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound . Pop . (1901) 400, 575 . The See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude is approximately that of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, Berwickon-See also:

• TWEED

Tweed and See also:

• HOPEDALE

Hopedale in Labrador . The See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is built on See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying ground on the east coast of the island of Zealand, between the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of small See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater lakes, known respectively as St Jorgens S6, Peblings S6 and Sortedams S6, a southern portion occupying the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part of the island of Amager . An excellent See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is furnished by the natural channel between the two islands; and communication from one See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division to the other is afforded by two See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges—the Langebro and the Knippelsbro, which replaced the wooden drawbridge built by See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian IV. in 162o . The older city, including both the Zealand and Amager portions, was formerly surrounded by a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• LINE

line of ramparts and moats; but pleasant boulevards and gardens now occupy the westward or landward site of fortifications . Outside the lines of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original city (about 5 M. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit), there are extensive suburbs, especially on the Zealand See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side (Osterbro, NOrrebro and Vesterbro or Osterfolled, See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

COPENHAGEN &c., and Frederiksberg), and Amagerbro to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Christianshavn . The See also:

• AREA

area occupied by the inner city is known as Gammelsholm (old island) . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main artery is the Gothersgade, See also:

• RUNNING

running from Kongens Nytory to the western boulevards, and separating a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• REGULAR

regular thoroughfares and rectangular blocks to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north from one of irregular, narrow and picturesque streets to the south . The Kongens Nytorv, the See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus of the See also:

• LIFE

life of the city and the centre of road communications, is an irregular open space at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a narrow See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the harbour (Nyhavn) inland from the steamer quays, with an equestrian statue of Christian V . (d, 1699) in the centre .

The statue is familiarly known as Hesten (the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse) and is surrounded by noteworthy buildings . The See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace of Charlottenborg, on the east side, which takes its name from See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte, the wife of Christian V., is a huge sombre See also:

• BUILDING

building, built in 1672 . See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick V. made a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of it to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Arts, which holds its See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of paintings and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture in See also:

• APRIL

April and May, in the adjacent Kunstudstilling (1883) . On the south is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the Royal, a beautiful See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance building (1874), on the site of a former theatre of the same name, which dated from 1748 . Statues of the poets Ludvig See also:

• HOLBERG, LUDVIG HOLBERG, BARON (1684-1754)

Holberg (d . 1754), and See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• OHLENSCHLAGER, ADAM GOTTLOB (1779-1850)

Ohlenschlager (d . 1850), the former by See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein and the latter by H . V . Bissen, stand on either side of the entrance, and the front is crowned by a See also:

• GROUP

group by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, representing See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo and See also:

• PEGASUS (from Gr. lrgyor, compact, strong)

Pegasus, and the See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

Fountain of See also:

• HIPPOCRENE (the " fountain of the horse," ii 'lrrov tcpitvrl)

Hippocrene . Within, among other sculptures, is a See also:

• RELIEF

relief figure of Ophelia, executed by Sarah See also:

• BERNHARDT, SARAH (ROSINE BERNARD) (1845- )

Bernhardt . Other buildings in Kongens Nytory are the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, several See also:

• GREAT

great commercial houses, the commercial See also:

• BANK

bank, and the Thotts Palais of c . 1685 .

The quays of the Nyhavn are lined with old gabled houses . From the south end of Kongens Nytorv, a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street called Holmens Kanal winds past the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Bank to the Holmens See also:

• KIRKE, PERCY (c. 1646-1691)

Kirke, or See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church for the royal See also:

• NAVY

navy, originally erected as an See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor-smithy by Frederick II., but consecrated by Christian IV., with a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel containing the tombs of the great admirals Niels See also:

• JUEL, JENS (1631-1700)
• JUEL, NIELS (1629-1697)

Juel and Peder See also:

• TORDENSKJOLD, PEDER (1691-1720)

TordenskjOld, and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-See also:

• CARVING

carving of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The street then crosses a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge on to the Slottsholm, an island divided from the mainland by a narrow arm of the harbour, occupied mainly by the Christiansborg and adjacent buildings . The royal palace of Christiansborg, originally built (1731–1745) by Christian VI., destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1794, and rebuilt, again See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in flames in 1884 . Fortunately most of the See also:

• ART

art treasures which the palace contained Were saved . A decision was arrived at in 1903, in See also:

• COMMEMORATION

commemoration of the See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

jubilee of the reign of Christian IX., to rebuild the palace for use on occasions of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and to See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . On the Slottsplads (Palace Square) which faces east, is an equestrian statue of Frederick VII . There are also preserved the See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statues which stood over the portal of the palace before the fire—figures of Strength, See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom, See also:

• HEALTH

Health and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice, designed by Thorvaldsen . The palace chapel, adorned with See also:

• WORKS

works by Thorvaldsen and Bissen, was preserved from the fire, as was the royal library of about 540,000 volumes and 20,000 See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, for which a new building in Christiansgade was designed about 1900 . The See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange (BOrsen), on the See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay to the east, is an ornate gabled building erected in 1619-164o, surmounted by a remark-able See also:

• SPIRE

spire, formed of four dragons, with their heads directed to the four points of the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass, and their bodies entwining each other till their tails come to a point at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top . To the south is the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal (Tojhus) with a collection of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour . The Thorvaldsen museum (1839-1848), a sombre building in a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian and See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan styles, consists of two storeys .

In the centre is an open See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, containing the artist's See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb . The exterior walls are decorated with See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of figures of coloured See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco, illustrative of events connected with Thorvaldsen's life . Over the principal entrance is the See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot of Victory See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by four horses, executed in bronze from a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model by Bissen . The front See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, corridors and apartments are painted in the Pompeian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with brilliant See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours and with great See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic skill . The museum contains about 300 The cappa magna of Thorvaldsen's works; and in one apartment is his sitting-See also:

• ROOM

room See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture arranged as it was found at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1844 . On the mainland, immediately See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Slottsholm, is the Prinsens Palais, once the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of Christian V. and Frederick VI. when See also:

• CROWN

crown princes, containing the national museum . This consists of four sections, the Danish, ethnographical, See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique and numismatic . It was founded in 1807 by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Nyerup, and extended between 1815 and 1885 by C . J . See also:

• THOMSEN, GRIMUR (182o-1896)
• THOMSEN, HANS PETER JORGEN JULIUS (1826–1909)

Thomsen and J . J . A .

Worsaae, and the ethnographical collection is among the finest in the See also:

• WORLD

world . From this point the Raadhusgade leads north-west to the combined Nytorv-og-Gammeltorv, where is the old townhall (Raadhus, 1815), and continues as the Norregade to the Vor Frue Kirke (Church of our See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady), the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral church of Copenhagen . This church, the site of which has been similarly occupied since the 12th century, was almost entirely destroyed in the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of 1807, but was completely restored in 1811-1829 . The works of Thorvaldsen which it contains constitute its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief attraction . In the See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment is a group of sixteen figures by Thorvaldsen, representing See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Baptist See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching in the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness; over the entrance within the See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico is a bas-relief of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's entry into See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem; on one side of the entrance is a statue of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses by Bissen, and on the other a statue of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David by Jerichau . In a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche behind the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar stands a See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble statue of Christ, and marble statues of the twelve apostles adorn both sides of the church . Immediately north of Vor Frue Kirke is the university, founded by Christian I. in 1479; though its existing constitution See also:

• DATES

dates from 1788 . The building dates from 1836 . There are five faculties—theological, juridical, medical, philosophical and mathematical . In 1851 an See also:

• ENGLISH

English and in 1852 an Anglo-Saxon lectureship were established . All the professors are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to give a series of lectures open to the public See also:

• FREE

free of See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . The university possesses considerable endowments and has several See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations for the assistance of poor students; the " See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent's charity," for instance, founded by Christian, affords free residence and a small See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance to one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred bursars .

There are about 2000 students . In connexion with the university are the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, the chemical laboratory in Ny Vester See also:

• GADE, NIELS WILHELM (1817-189o)

Gade, the surgical academy in Bredgade, founded in 1786, and the botanic See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . The university library, incorporated with the former Classen library, collected by the famous merchants of that name, contains about.See also:

• IOO

ioo,000 volumes, besides about 4000 manuscripts, which include See also:

• RASK, RASMUS CHRISTIAN (1787-1832)

Rask's valuable See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental collection and the See also:

• ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE (1710-1778)

Arne-Magnean series of Scandinavian documents . It, shares with the royal library the right of receiving a copy of every See also:

• BOOK

book published in Denmark . There is also a zoological museum . Adjacent is St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's ,church, built in a quasi-See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic style, with a spire 256 ft. high, and appropriated since 1585 as a See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church for the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German residents in Copenhagen . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance along the Krystalgade is Trinity church . Its See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower is III ft. high, and is considered to be unique in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It was constructed from a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of Tycho See also:

• BRAHE, PER, COUNT (1602-1680)
• BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)

Brahe's favourite See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple See also:

• LONGOMONTANUS (or LONGBERG), CHRISTIAN

Longomontanus, and was formerly used as an observatory . It is ascended by a broad inclined See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral way, up which Peter the Great is said to have driven in a See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage and four . From this church the Kjobermayergade runs south, a populous street of shops, giving upon the Hoibro-plads, with its See also:

• FINE

fine equestrian statue of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• ABSALON (c. 1128–1201)

Absalon, the city's founder . This square is connected by a bridge with the Slottsholm .

The See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter north-east of Kongens Nytory and Gothersgaden is the richest in the city, including the palaces of Amalienborg, the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle and gardens of Rosenborg and several mansions of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . The quarter extends to the strong moated citadel, which See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards the harbour on the north-east . It is a regular See also:

• POLYGON (Gr. rroXus, many, and ywvia, an angle)

polygon with five bastions, founded by Frederick III. about 1662-1663 . One of the mansions, the Moltkes Palais, has a collection of Dutch paintings formed in the 18th century . This is in the principal thoroughfare of the quarter, Bredgaden, and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the palace of King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George of See also:

• GREECE

Greece faces the Frederikskirke or Marble church . This church, intended to have To the west of the citadel is the Ostbanegaard, or eastern See also:

• RAIL

rail-way station, from which start the See also:

• LOCAL

local trains on the coast line to Klampenborg and Helsingor . South-west from this point extends the line of gardens which occupy the site of former See also:

• LAND

land-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward fortifications, pleasantly diversified by See also:

• WATER

water and plantations, skirted on the inner side by three wide boulevards, Ostervold, Norrevold and Vestervold Gade, and containing noteworthy public buildings, mostly modern . In the Ostre Anlaeg is the art museum (1895) containing pictures, sculptures and engravings . In front of it is the Denmark See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument (1896), commemorating the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• WEDDING

wedding (1892) of Christian IX. and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Louisa . Among various scenes in relief, the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VII. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Queen Alexandra is depicted . The botanical garden (1874) contains an observatory with a statue of Tycho Brahe, and the chemical laboratory, mineralogical museum, See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic academy (1829) and communal See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital adjoin it . On the inner side of Ostevold Gade is Rosenborg See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, with the palace of Rosenborg erected in 1610-1617 .

It is an irregular building in Gothic style, with a high pointed roof, and flanked by four towers of unequal dimensions . It contains the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological collection of Danish monarchs, including a See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin and See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, a fine collection of Venetian See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, the famous See also:

• SILVER

silver drinking-See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn of See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg (1474), the See also:

• REGALIA (Lat. regalis, royal, from rex, king)

regalia and other See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of See also:

• INTEREST

interest as illustrating the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Denmark . The Riddersal, a spacious room, is covered with See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry representing the various battles of Christian V., and has at one end a massive silver See also:

• THRONE

throne . The Norrevold Gade leads through the NSrretory past the Folketeatre and the technical school to the Orsteds park, and from its southern end the Vestervold Gade continues through the Raadhus Plads, a centre of tramways, flanked by the modern Renaissance See also:

• TOWN

town hall (1901), ornamented with bronze figures, with a tower at the eastern See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle . Here is also the museum of See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial art, and the Ny-Carlsberg Glyptotek, with its collection of sculpture, is on this See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

boulevard, which skirts the See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure garden called See also:

• TIVOLI (anc. Tibur, q.v.)

Tivoli . From the Raadhus-plads the Vesterbro Gade runs towards the western quarter of the city, skirting the Tivoli . Here is the Dansk Folke museum, a collection illustrating the domestic life of the nation, particularly that of the peasantry since 1600 . A See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

Liberty (Friheds-StOlte) rises in an open space, erected in 1798 to commemorate the abolition of See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom . Immediately north is the main railway station (Banegaard), and the North and Klampenborg stations near at hand . The western (residential) quarter contains the park of Frederiksberg, with its palace erected under Frederick IV . (d . 1730), used as a military school .

The park contains a zoological garden, and is continued south in the pleasant Sondermarken, near which lies the old Glyptotek, which contained the splendid collection of sculptures, &c., made by H . C . See also:

• JACOBSEN, JENS PETER (1847-1885)

Jacobsen 12 since 1887, uuitil their removal to the new Glyptotek founded by him in the Vestre Boulevard . The quarter of Christianshavn is that portion of the city which skirts the harbour to the south, and lies within the fortifications . It contains the Vor Frelsers Kirke (Church of Our Saviour), dedicated in 1696, with a curious See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

steeple 282 ft. high, ascended by an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external spiral See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase . The See also:

• LOWER

lower part of the altar is composed of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian marble, with a See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of Christ's sufferings in the garden of See also:

• GETHSEMANE (Hebr. for " oil-press ")

Gethsemane; and the See also:

• ORGAN

organ is considered the finest in Copenhagen . The city does not extend much farther south, though the Amagerbro quarter lies without the walls . The island of Amager is fertile, producing vegetables for the markets of the capital . It was peopled by a Dutch See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony planted by Christian II. in 1516, and many old peculiarities of See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages are retained . The environs of Copenhagen to the north and west are interesting, and the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, both along the coast northward and inland westward is pleasant, though in no way remarkable . The rail-way along the coast northward passes the seaside resorts of Klampenborg (6 m.) and Skodsborg (10 m.) . Near Klampenborg is the Dyrehave (See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

Deer park) or Skoven (the See also:

• FOREST

forest), a beautiful forest of beeches .

The Zealand Northern railway passes Lyngby, on the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of the same name, a favourite summer residence, and Hillerod (21 m.), a considerable town, capital of the amt (See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county) of Frederiksberg, and close to the palace of Frederiksberg . This was erected in 1602–1620 by Christian IV., embodying two towers of an earlier budding, and partly occupying islands in a small lake . It suffered seriously from fire in 1859, but was care-fully restored under the direction of F . Meldahl . It contains a national See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical museum, including furniture and pictures . The palace church is an interesting medley of Gothic and Renaissance detail . The See also:

• VILLA

villa of Hvidore was acquired by Queen Alexandra in 1907 . Among the See also:

• LITERARY

literary and scientific associations of Copenhagen may be mentioned the Danish Royal Society, founded in 1742, for the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of the sciences of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, &c., by the publication of papers and essays; the Royal Antiquarian Society, founded in 1825, for diffusing a knowledge of Northern and Icelandic See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology; the Society for the Promotion of Danish Literature, for the publication of works chiefly connected with the history of Danish literature; the Natural Philosophy Society; the Royal Agricultural Society; the Danish Church History Society; the Industrial Association, founded in 1838; the Royal See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society, established in 1876; and several musical and other See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies . The Academy of Arts was founded by Frederick V. in 1754 for the instruction of artists, and for disseminating a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for the fine arts among manufacturers and operatives . Attached to it are See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for the study of See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, ornamental See also:

• DRAWING

drawing and modelling . An Art See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union was founded in 1826, and a musical conservatorium in 187o under the direction of the composers N . W .

Gade and J . P . E . See also:

• HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
• HARTMANN, MORITZ (1821–1872)

Hartmann . Among educational institutions, other than the university, may be mentioned the veterinary and agricultural See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, established in 1773 and adopted by the state in 1776, the military academy and the school of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . Technical instruction is provided by the polytechnic school (1829), which is a state institution, and the school of the Technical Society, which, though a private See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, enjoys public subvention . The schools which prepare for the university, &c., are nearly all private, but are all under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the state . Elementary instruction is mostly provided by the communal schools . The churches already mentioned belong to the national Lutheran Church; the most important of those belonging to other denominations are the Reformed church, founded in 1688, and rebuilt in 1731, the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic church of St Ansgarius, consecrated in 1842, and the Jewish See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue in Krystalgade, which dates from 1853, Of the monastic buildings of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Copenhagen various traces are preserved in the See also:

• PRESENT

present nomenclature of the streets . The Franciscan See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment gives its name to the Graabrodretory or See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey Friars' See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market; and St See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara's Monastery, the largest of all, which was founded by Queen See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina, is still commemorated by the Klareboder or Clara buildings, near the present See also:

• POST

post-office . The Duebrodre Kloster occupied the site of the hospital of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost . Among the hospitals of Copenhagen, besides many modern institutions, there may be mentioned Frederick's hospital, erected in 1752-1757 by Frederick V., the Communal Hospital, erected in 1859-1863, on the eastern side of the Sortedamsso, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general hospital in Ameliegade, founded in 1769, and the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison hospital, in Rigensgade, established in 1816 by Frederick VI .

After the See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera epidemic of 1853, which carried off more than 4000 of the inhabitants, the medical association built several ranges of workmen's houses, and their example was followed by various private capitalists, among whom may be mentioned the Classen trustees, whose buildings occupy an open site on the western outskirts of the city . Copenhagen is by far the most important commercial town in Denmark, and exemplifies the steady increase in the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the country . The harbour is mainly comprised in the narrow strait between the See also:

• OUTER

outer Sound and its inlet the Kalvebod or Kallebo Strand, The trading capabilities were aided by the construction in 1894 of the Frihavn (free See also:

• PORT

port) at the northern extremity of the town, well supplied with warehouses and other conveniences . It is connected with the main railway station by means of a circular railway, while a short See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch connects it with the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-house quay . The commercial harbour is separated from the harbour for warships (Orlogshavn) by a barrier . The sea approaches are guarded by ten coast batteries besides the old citadel . The Middelgrund is a powerful defensive See also:

• WORK

work completed in 1896 and most of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest are modern . The landward defences of Copenhagen, it may be added, were See also:

• LEFT

left unprovided for after the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars until the patriotism of Danish See also:

• WOMEN

women, who subscribed sufficient funds for the first fort, shamed parliament into granting the necessary See also:

• MONEY

money for others (1886–1895) . Copenhagen is not an industrial town . The manufactures carried on are mostly only such as exist in every large town, and the export of manufactured goods is inconsiderable . The royal See also:

• CHINA

china factory is celebrated for See also:

• MODELS

models of Thorvaldsen's works in See also:

• BISCUIT (pronounced according to the old spelling " bisket," a Fr. form from Lat. bis, twice, and coctum, cooked, in reference to the original method of preparation; cf. Ital. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, &c.)

biscuit china . The only very large establishment is one for the construction of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron steamers, engines, &c., but some factories have been erected within the area of the free port for the purpose of working up imported raw materials See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty free .

History.—Copenhagen (i.e . See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant's Harbour, originally simply Havn, latinized as Hafnia) is first mentioned in history in 1043 . It was then only a fishing See also:

• VILLAGE

village, and remained so until about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 12th century, when Valdemar I. presented that part of the island to Axel Hvide, renowned in Danish history as Absalon (q.v.), bishop of See also:

• ROSKILDE, or ROESKILDE

Roskilde, and after-wards See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund . In 1167 this See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate erected a castle on the spot where the Christiansborg palace now stands, and the building was called after him Axel-huus . The See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement gradually became a great resort for merchants, and thus acquired the name which, in a corrupted See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, it still bears, of Kaupmannahofn, Kjobmannshavn, or See also:

• PORTUS

Portus Mercatorum as it is translated by Saxo Grammaticus . In 1186, Bishop Absalon bestowed the castle and village, with the lands of Amager, on the see of Roskilde; but, as the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in importance, the Danish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings became anxious to regain it, and in 1245 King See also:

• ERIC

Eric IV. drove out Bishop Niels Stigson . On the king's death (1250), however, Bishop See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Erlandsen obtained the town, and, in 1254, gave to the burghers their first municipal privileges, which were confirmed by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban III. in 1286 . In the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of 1254, while there is mention of a communitas capable of making a compact with the bishop, there is nothing said of any trade or See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds . These are, indeed, expressly prohibited in the later charter of Bishop Johann Kvag (1294); and the distinctive See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the constitution of Copenhagen during the middle ages consisted in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the free gild See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and the right of any burgher to pursue a craft under license from the See also:

• VOGT, KARL CHRISTOPH (1817-1895)

Vogt (advocatus) of the overlord and the city authorities . Later on, gilds were established, in spite of the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of the old charters; but they were strictly subordinate to the town authorities, who appointed their aldermen and sup-pressed them when they considered them useless or dangerous . The prosperity of Copenhagen was checked by an attack by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck in 1248, and by another on the part of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Jaromir of See also:

• RUGEN

Rugen in 1259 . In 1306 it managed to repel the Norwegians, but in 1362, and again in 1368, it was captured by the opponents of Valdemar Atterdag .

In the following century a new enemy appeared in the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

league, which was jealous of its rivalry, but their invasion was frustrated by Queen Philippa . Various attempts were made by successive kings to obtain the town from the see of Roskilde, as the most suitable for the royal residence; but it was not till 1443 that the transference was finally effected and Copenhagen became the capital of the kingdom . From 1523 to 1524 it held out for Christian II. against Frederick I., who captured it at length and strengthened its defensive works; and it was only after a See also:

• YEAR

year's See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege that it yielded in 1536 to Christian III . From 1658 to 166o it was unsuccessfully beleaguered by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Gustavus of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden; and in the following year it was rewarded by various privileges for its gallant See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . In 166o it gave its name to the treaty which concluded the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of Frederick III . In 1700 it was bombarded by the See also:

• UNITED

united fleets of England, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and Sweden; in 1728 a conflagration destroyed 164o houses and five churches; another in 1795 laid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste 943 houses, the church of St See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas, and the Raadhus . In 18o1 the Danish See also:

• FLEET

fleet was destroyed in the roadstead by the English (see below, § See also:

• BATTLE

Battle of Copenhagen); and in 1807 the city was bombarded by the See also:

• BRITISH

British under See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CATHCART
• CATHCART, SIR GEORGE (1794-1854)
• CATHCART, WILLIAM SCHAW CATHCART

Cathcart, and saw the destruction of the university buildings, its principal church and numerous other edifices . See O . Nielsen, Kobenhavns Historie oz Beskrivelse (Copenhagen, 1877–1892); C . Bruun and P . Munch, Kobenhavn, Skrilding of dets Historie, &c . (ibid .

1887–1901); See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering-Lusber , Kobenhavn i gamle Dage (ibid . 1898 et seq.) . (4 . J . R .