See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

CORDOVA (Span. See also:

• CORDOBA
• CORDOBA, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE (1453–15.15)

Cordoba; See also:

• LAT

Lat. Corduba)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern slopes of the Sierra de Cordova, and the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• GUADALQUIVIR (ancient Baetis, Moorish Wadi al Kebir, "the Great River ")

Guadalquivir . Pop . (1900) 58,275 . At Cordova the See also:

• MADRID

Madrid-See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville railway meets the See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• LINE

line from Almorchen to See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is an episcopal see . Few fragments remain of its Moorish walls, which were erected on See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations and enclosed a very wide See also:

• AREA

area, now largely occupied by See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden-ground cleared from the ruins of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings . On the outskirts are many See also:

• MODERN

modern factories in striking contrast with the surrounding See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive plantations, and with the pastures which belong tathe celebrated Cordovan school of See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-fighting . Nearer the centre the streets are for the most See also:

• PART

part narrow and crooked . Almost every See also:

• BUILDING

building, however, is profusely covered with whitewash, and thus there is little difference on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface between the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and the most modern houses . The southern suburb communicates with the See also:

• TOWN

town by means of a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of sixteen See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches across the river, exhibiting the usual See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of Roman and Moorish See also:

• MASONRY

masonry and dominated at the one end by an elevated statue of the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, St See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael, whose effigy is to be seen in various other quarters of the city . The most important of the public buildings are the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, the old monastic establishments, the churches, the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, the city See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, the hospitals and the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and colleges, including the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy for girls founded in 1590 by Bishop See also:

• PACHECO, FRANCISCO (1571-1654)

Pacheco of Cordova, which is empowered to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant degrees . The Alcazar, or royal palace, stands on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west amid the gardens laid out by its builder, the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III .

(912-961) . Its older parts are in ruins, and even the so-called New Alcazar, erected by See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso XI. of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile in 1328, and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long used as the offices of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition, has only one wing in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good repair, which serves as a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . But the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of Cordova, surpassing all its other Moorish or See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian buildings, is the mezquita, or See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque, now a cathedral, but originally founded on the site of a Roman See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple and a Visigothic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church by Abd-ar-Rahman I . (756-788), who wished to confirm the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of his See also:

• CALIPHATE

caliphate by making its capital a See also:

• GREAT

great religious centre . See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

Immigration from all the lands of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam soon rendered a larger mosque necessary, owing to the greatly increased multitude of worshippers, and, by orders of Abd-ar-Rahman II . (822-852) and Al-Hakim II . (961-976), the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SIZE

size was doubled . After various See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor additions, Al-Mansur, the See also:

• VIZIER

vizier of the caliph Hisham II . (976-1009), again enlarged the Zeca, or See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• PURIFICATION

Purification, as the mosque was named, to twice its former size, rendering it the largest sacred building of Islam, after the Kaaba at See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . The ground See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of thecompleted mosque forms a rectangle, measuring 57o ft. in length and 425 in breadth, or little less than 'St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . About one-third of this area is occupied by the courtyard, and the cloisters which surround it on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, west and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . The exterior, with the straight lines of its square See also:

• BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " butt " and " abutment ")

buttress towers, has a heavy and somewhat ungainly See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance; but the interior is one of the most beautiful specimens of Moorish See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture .

Passing through a See also:

• GRAND

grand courtyard about 500 ft. in length, shady with See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm and See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress and orange trees and watered by five fountains, the visitor enters on the south a magnificent and bewildering See also:

• LABYRINTH (Gr. Xa(3vpcvOos, Lat. labyrinthus)

labyrinth of pillars in which See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry, See also:

• JASPER

jasper and many-coloured See also:

• MARBLES

marbles are boldly combined . Part came from the spoils of See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes or See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne, part from Seville er See also:

• TARRAGONA
• TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)

Tarragona, some from the older ruins of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, and others as a See also:

• PRESENT

present to Abd-ar-Rahman I. from the East Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo IV., who sent also from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople his own skilled workmen, with 16. tons of tesserae for the mosaics . Originally of different heights, the pillars have been adjusted to their present See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of 12 ft. either by being sunk into the See also:

• SOIL

soil or by the addition of Corinthian capitals . Twelve See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred was the number of the columns in the original building, but many have been destroyed . The pillars See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the area of the building from north to south, longitudinally into nineteen and transversely into twenty-nine aisles—each See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row supporting a tier of open Moorish arches of the same height (12 ft.) with a third and similar tier superimposed upon the second . The full height of the See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling is thus about 35 ft . The Moorish See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the building was unfortunately impaired in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by the formation in the interior of a crucero, or high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar and cruciform See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, by the addition of numerous chapels along the sides of the vast quadrangle, and by the erection of a See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry 300 ft. high in See also:

• ROOM

room of the old See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret . The crucero in itself is no disgrace to the architect Hernan See also:

• RUIZ, JUAN (c. 1283-c. 1350)

Ruiz, but every See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover of See also:

• ART

art must sympathize with the rebuke administered by the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V . (1500-1558) to the cathedral authorities: " You have built here what could have been built as well any-where else; and you have destroyed what was unique in the See also:

• WORLD

world." Magnificent, indeed, as the cathedral still is, it is almost impossible to realize what the mosque must have been when the worshippers thronged through its, nineteen gateways of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, and its 4700 lamps, fed with perfumed oil, illuminated its brilliant aisles . Of the exquisite elaboration bestowed on the more sacred portions abundant See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof is afforded by the third See also:

• MIHRAB

Mihrab, or See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer-See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess, a small loth-century See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, heptagonal in shape, roofed with a single See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell-like See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and inlaid with See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine mosaics of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold . Cordova was celebrated in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors for its See also:

• SILVER

silver-smiths, who are said to have come originally from See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus; and it exported a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather which took its name from the city, whence is derived the word cordwainer . See also:

• FINE

Fine silver See also:

• FILIGREE (formerly written filigrann or filigrane; the Ital. filigrana, Fr. filigrane, Span. filigrana, Ger. Drahtgefiecht)

filigree ornaments are still produced; and Moorish See also:

• WORK

work in leather is often skilfully imitated, although this handicraft almost disappeared in the 15th century .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief modern See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Cordova are See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits and the manufacture of woollen, See also:

• LINEN

linen and silken goods . Corduba, probably of ' Carthaginian origin, was occupied by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans under See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus in 152 B.C.. and shortly afterwards became the first Roman colonia in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain: From the large number of men of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the colonists, the city obtained the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Patricia; and to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the Cordovese See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride themselves on the purity and antiquity of their descent . In the 1st century B.C . Cordova aided the sons of See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey against See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar; but after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Munda, in 45 B.C., it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of Caesar, who avenged the obstinacy of its resistance by massacring 20,000 of the inhabitants . Under See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, if not before, it became a See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality, and was the capital of the thoroughly Romanized province of Baetica . In the lifetime of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo, however (c . 63 B.C.-A.D . 21), it still ranked as the largest city of Spain . Its prosperity was due partly to • its position on the Baetis, and on the Via See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta, the great commercial road 'from See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Spain built by Augustus, and partly to its proximity to mines and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich grazing and See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-producing districts . See also:

• HOSIUS
• HOSIUS, STANISLAUS (1504–1579)

Hosius, its bishop, presided over the first See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea in 345; and its importance was maintained by the Visigothic See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, whose See also:

• RULE

rule lasted from the 5th to the beginning of the 8th century . Under the Moors, Cordova was at first an See also:

• APPANAGE, or APANAGE (a French word from the late Lat. apanagium, formed from apanare, i.e. panem porrigere, to give bread, i.e. sustenance)

appanage of the caliphate of Damascus; but after 756 Abd-ar-Rahman I. made it the capital of Moorish Spain, and the centre of an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent caliphate (see ABD-AR-RAJIMAN) . It reached its See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of prosperity in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the loth century, under Abd-ar-Rahman III .

At his See also:

• DEATH

death, it is recorded by native chroniclers, probably with Arabic exaggeration, that Cordova contained within its walls 200,000 houses, boo mosques, 900 See also:

• BATHS

baths, a university,, and numerous public See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries; whilst on the bank of the Guadalquivir, under the power of its monarch, there were eight cities, 300 towns and 12,000 populous villages . A See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of decadence began in ior6, owing to the claims of the See also:

• RIVAL

rival dynasties which aimed at succeeding to the line of Abd-ar-Rahman; the caliphate never won back its position, and in 1236 Cordova was easily captured by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand III. of Castile . The substitution of Spanish for Moorish supremacy rather accelerated than arrested the decline of art, See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population; and in the 19th century Cordova never recovered from the disaster of 18o8, when it was stormed and sacked by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . Few cities of Spain, however, can boast of so long a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of illustrious natives in the Moorish and Roman periods, and even, to a less extent, in modern times . It was the birthplace of the rhetorician Marcus Annaeus See also:

• SENECA

Seneca, and his more famous son See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius (c . 3 B.C.—A.D . 65); of the poet See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan (A.D . 39-65); of the philosophers See also:

• AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad ibn - Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198)

Averroes (1126-1198) and See also:

• MAIMONIDES

Maimonides (1135—1204); of the Spanish men of letters Juan de See also:

• MENA, JUAN DE (1411–1456)
• MENA, PEDRO DE (d. 1693)

Mena (c . 1411-2456), Lorenzo de Sepulveda (d . 1574) and Luis de Gongora y Argote (1561-1627); and the painters Pablo de See also:

• CESPEDES
• CESPEDES (in Ital. CEDASPE), PABLO DE (1538—1608)

Cespedes (1538-1608) and Juan de See also:

• VALDES, JUAN DE (c. 1500-1541)

Valdes Leal (163o-1691) . The celebrated See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain Gonzalo See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez de See also:

• CORDOBA
• CORDOBA, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE (1453–15.15)

Cordoba (q.v.), the conqueror of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples (1495-1498), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the neighbouring town of See also:

• MONTILLA

Montilla . See Estudio descriptivo de los monumentos drabes de See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada y Cordoba, by R .

Contreras (Madrid, 1885) ; Cordoba, a large illustrated See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series Espana, by P. de Madrazo (See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, 1884) ; Inscripciones drabes de Cordoba, by R . Amador de los Rios y Villalta (Madrid, 1886) .