See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from See also:

• LAT

Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak)  , the See also:

• OUTER

outer layer of the bark of an See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak (Quercus Suber) . The See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree reaches the height of about 30 ft., growing in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICAN

African coasts generally; but it is principally cultivated in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and . See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . The outer layer of bark in the See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork oak by See also:

• ANNUAL

annual additions from within gradually becomes a thick soft homogeneous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, possessing those cornpre9sible and elastic properties upon which the economic value of the material chiefly depends . The first stripping of cork from See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young trees takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place when they are from fifteen to twenty years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The yield, which is rough, unequal and woody in texture, is called virgin cork, and is useful only as a tanning substance, or for forming rustic See also:

• WORK

work in ferneries, conservatories, &c . Subsequently the bark is removed every eight or ten years, the quality of the cork improving with each successive stripping; and the trees continue to live and thrive under the operation for 15o years and upwards . The produce of the second See also:

• BARKING

barking is still so coarse in texture that it is only See also:

• FIT

fit for making floats for nets and for similar applications . The operation of stripping the trees takes place during the months of See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . Two cuts are made See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem—one a little above the ground, and the other immediately under the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main branches . Between these three or four See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal incisions are then made, the utmost care being taken not to injure the inner bark . The cork is thereafter removed in the sections into which it has been cut, by inserting under it the See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge-shaped handle of the See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement used in making the incisions .

After the outer See also:

• SURFACE

surface has been scraped and cleaned, the pieces are flattened by See also:

• HEATING

heating them over a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and submitting them to pressure on a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat surface . In the heating operation the surface is charred, and thereby the pores are closed up, and what is termed " See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve " is given to the material . In this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state the cork is ready for manufacture or exportation . Though specially See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the cork-oak, the substance cork is an almost universal product in the stems (and roots) of woody See also:

• PLANTS

plants which increase in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter See also:

• YEAR

year by year . Generally towards the end of the first year the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thin protective layer of a stem or See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch is replaced by a thin layer of " cork," that is a layer of cells the living contents of which have disappeared while the walls have become thickened and toughened as the result of the formation in them of a substance known as suberin . Fresh cork is formed each See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season by an active formative layer below the layer developed last season, which generally peels off . Where the formation is extensive and persistent as in the cork-oak, a thick covering of cork is formed . In some cases, as on young shoots of the cork-See also:

• ELM

elm, the development is irregular and wing-like outgrowths of cork are formed . In See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia a similar method to that used for obtaining cork from the cork-oak is employed with the See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch . Cork possesses a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of properties which peculiarly fits it for many and diverse uses, for some of which it alone is found applicable . The leading purpose for which it is used is for forming bungs and stoppers for bottles and other vessels containing liquids . Its compressibility, See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical imperviousness to both See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and See also:

• WATER

water so fit it for this purpose that the See also:

• TERM

term cork is even more applied to the See also:

• FUNCTION

function than to the substance .

Its specific lightness, combined with strength and durability, recommend it above all other substances for forming See also:

• LIFE

life-buoys, belts and jackets, and in the constructionof life-boats and other apparatus for saving from drowning . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its lightness, softness and non-conducting properties it is used for See also:

• HAT

hat-linings and the soles of shoes, the latter being a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient application of cork . It is also used in making artificial limbs, for lining entomological cases, for pommels in See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-dressing, and as a See also:

• MEDIUM

medium for making architectural See also:

• MODELS

models . Chips and cuttings are ground up and mixed with See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

india-See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form kamptulicon See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, or "cork-See also:

• CARPET

carpet." The inner bark of the cork-tree is a valuable tanning material . Certain of the properties and uses of cork were known to the ancient Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, and the latter, we find by See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (Odes iii . 8), used it as a stopper for See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-vessels:-- " corticem adstrictum pice dimovebit amphorae " It appears, however, that cork was not generally used for stopping bottles till so See also:

• RECENT

recent a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period as near the end of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and bottles themselves were not employed for storing liquids till the 15th century . Many substitutes have been proposed for cork as a stoppering See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent; but except in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of aerated liquids none of these has recommended itself in practice . For aerated water bottles several successful devices have been introduced . The most See also:

• SIMPLE

simple of these is an indiarubber See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball pressed upwards into the narrow of the See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck by the force of the See also:

• GAS

gas contained in the water; and in another See also:

• SYSTEM

system a See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass ball is similarly pressed against an india-rubber See also:

• COLLAR

collar inserted in the neck of the bottle . By See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy the term " to cork " is used of any such devices for sealing up a bottle or See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture .